Immunogenic Compositions for Use in Pneumococcal Vaccines

ABSTRACT

An object of the present invention is to provide immunogenic compositions for protection against  S. pneumoniae , in particular against  S. pneumoniae  serogroup 18, while limiting the number of conjugates. The present invention therefore relates to new immunogenic compositions for use in pneumococcal vaccines and to vaccination of human subjects, in particular infants and elderly, against pneumoccocal infections using said immunogenic compositions.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

An object of the present invention is to provide immunogeniccompositions for protection against S. pneumoniae serogroup 18.Immunogenic compositions of the present invention will typicallycomprise conjugated capsular saccharide antigens (glycoconjugates),wherein the saccharides are derived from serotypes of Streptococcuspneumoniae. The present invention relates to new immunogeniccompositions for use in pneumococcal vaccines.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Infections caused by pneumococci are a major cause of morbidity andmortality all over the world. Pneumonia, febrile bacteraemia andmeningitis are the most common manifestations of invasive pneumococcaldisease, whereas bacterial spread within the respiratory tract mayresult in middle-ear infection, sinusitis or recurrent bronchitis.Compared with invasive disease, the non-invasive manifestations areusually less severe, but considerably more common.

The etiological agent of pneumococcal diseases, Streptococcus pneumoniae(pneumococcus), is a Gram-positive encapsulated coccus, surrounded by apolysaccharide capsule. Differences in the composition of this capsulepermit serological differentiation between about 91 capsular types, someof which are frequently associated with pneumococcal disease, othersrarely. Invasive pneumococcal infections include pneumonia, meningitisand febrile bacteremia; among the common non-invasive manifestations areotitis media, sinusitis and bronchitis. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines(PCVs) are pneumococcal vaccines used to protect against disease causedby S. pneumoniae (pneumococcus). There are currently three PCV vaccinesavailable on the global market: PREVNAR® (called Prevenar in somecountries) (heptavalent vaccine), SYNFLORIX® (a decavalent vaccine) andPREVNAR 13® (tridecavalent vaccine).

The specific serotypes causing disease beyond the 13 in PREVNAR 13® varyby region, population, and may change over time due to acquisition ofantibiotic resistance, pneumococcal vaccine introduction and seculartrends of unknown origin.

The addition of conjugates to an immunogenic composition is not astraightforward process as the combination of conjugates into a singlemultivalent injection may result in competition among the differentcomponents and may adversely affect the immunogenicity of any individualconjugate.

This phenomenon of interference may limit the number of conjugates whichcan be included in a multi-valent vaccine. Therefore protection againsta high number of serotypes, while limiting the number of conjugates inthe composition, maybe very difficult to obtain despite of thesignificant value.

An object of the present invention is to provide immunogeniccompositions for appropriate protection against S. pneumoniae, inparticular against S. pneumoniae serogroup 18, while limiting the numberof conjugates.

Streptococcus pneumoniae serogroup 18 consists of four differentserotypes, 18F, 18A, 18B, and 18C, each of which produces its owntype-specific capsular polysaccharide. It is an object of the presentinvention to provide immunogenic compositions for appropriate protectionagainst S. pneumoniae serotypes 18F, 18A, 18B, and 18C, with a limitednumber of conjugates.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an immunogenic composition comprisingat least one glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 18C for use in amethod of immunizing a subject against infection by S. pneumoniaeserotype 18A, 18B and/or 18F. Preferably said composition does notcomprise capsular saccharide from S. pneumoniae serotypes 18A, 18B and18F.

In one aspect the present invention relates to the use of an immunogeniccomposition comprising at least one glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniaeserotype 18C for the manufacture of a medicament for immunizing asubject against infection by S. pneumoniae serotype 18A, 18B and/or 18F.Preferably said composition does not comprise capsular saccharide fromS. pneumoniae serotypes 18A, 18B and/or 18F.

In one aspect, the above immunogenic compositions further comprise atleast one glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 19Fand/or 23F.

In an aspect the above immunogenic compositions further comprise atleast one glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 1, 5 and/or 7F.

In an aspect the above immunogenic compositions further comprise atleast one glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 6A and/or 19A.

In an aspect the above immunogenic compositions further comprise atleast one glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 3, 15B, 22F, 33F,12F, 10A, 11A and/or 8.

In a further aspect the above immunogenic compositions further compriseat least one glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 2, 15C, 17Fand/or 20.

In an aspect the above immunogenic compositions further comprise atleast one glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 9N.

In a further aspect the immunogenic compositions is a 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25-valentpneumococcal conjugate composition.

In a further aspect the glycoconjugates of the immunogenic compositionsare individually conjugated to CRM₁₉₇.

In on aspect, the glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotypes 1, 4, 5,6B, 7F, 9V, 14 and/or 23F of the immunogenic compositions areindividually conjugated to PD, and if present, the glycoconjugate fromS. pneumoniae serotype 18C is conjugated to TT and the glycoconjugatefrom S. pneumoniae serotype 19F is conjugated to DT.

In on aspect, the glycoconjugates are prepared using CDAP chemistry orby reductive amination chemistry.

The immunogenic composition may further comprise antigens from otherpathogens, and/or at least one adjuvant such as aluminum phosphate,aluminum sulphate or aluminum hydroxide.

In an aspect the immunogenic compositions are able to elicit IgGantibodies in human which are capable of binding S. pneumoniae serotypes18A, 18B and/or 18F polysaccharide at a concentration of at least 0.35μg/ml as determined by ELISA assay.

In an aspect the immunogenic compositions are able to elicit a titer ofat least 1:8 against S. pneumoniae serotype 18A, 18B and/or 18F in atleast 50% of the subjects as determined by in vitro opsonophagocytickilling assay (OPA).

In an aspect the immunogenic compositions are able to significantlyincrease the proportion of responders against S. pneumoniae serotype18A, 18B and/or 18F as compared to the pre-immunized population.

In an aspect the immunogenic compositions are able to significantlyincrease the OPA titers of human subjects against S. pneumoniae serotype18A, 18B and/or 18F as compared to the pre-immunized population.

In an aspect the immunogenic compositions are for use in a method ofimmunizing a subject against infection by S. pneumoniae serotype 18A,18B and/or 18F.

In an aspect the immunogenic compositions are for use in a method forpreventing, treating or ameliorating an infection, disease or conditioncaused by S. pneumoniae serotypes 18A, 18B and/or 18F in a subject, foruse to prevent serotypes 18A, 18B and/or 18F S. pneumoniae infection ina subject or for use in a method to protect or treat a human susceptibleto S. pneumoniae serotypes 18A, 18B and/or 18F infection, by means ofadministering said immunogenic compositions via a systemic or mucosalroute.

In one aspect the present invention relates to the use of theimmunogenic composition disclosed in the present document for themanufacture of a medicament for preventing, treating or ameliorating aninfection, disease or condition caused by S. pneumoniae serotypes 18A,18B and/or 18F in a subject, for use to prevent to prevent serotypes18A, 18B and/or 18F S. pneumoniae infection in a subject or for use in amethod to protect or treat a human susceptible to S. pneumoniaeserotypes 18A, 18B and/or 18F infection, by means of administering saidimmunogenic compositions via a systemic or mucosal route.

In an aspect the invention relates to a method of preventing, treatingor ameliorating an infection, disease or condition associated with S.pneumoniae serotypes 18A, 18B and/or 18F in a subject, comprisingadministering to the subject an immunologically effective amount of theimmunogenic composition of the invention.

In an aspect the invention relates to a method of preventing aninfection by S. pneumoniae serotypes 18A, 18B and/or 18F in a subject,comprising administering to the subject an immunologically effectiveamount of the immunogenic composition of the invention.

The invention further relates to a kit comprising an immunogeniccomposition disclosed herein and an information leaflet, wherein saidinformation leaflet mentions the ability of the composition to elicitfunctional antibodies against S. pneumoniae serotypes 18A, 18B and/or18F and process for producing said kit.

It has been surprisingly found that serotype 18C polysaccharideconjugate beyond eliciting functional reactive antibodies to serogroup18C, can additionnaly elicit functional, cross-reactive antibodies tothe other serotypes within the serogroup 18: 18A, 18B and/or 18F.

FIGURES

FIG. 1 Cross-Functional OPA Responses. A subset of 59 sera from adultsvaccinated with a 13 valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (US Study6115A1-004; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00427895) was assessed inOPAs for the presence of functional antibodies against serotypes 18C,18F, 18A, 18B. The percent of samples with OPA positive titer (i.e.,≥1:8) is indicated above each group. Geometric mean titers (GMT) arelisted in the x axis below each group.

FIG. 2 Cross-Functional OPA Responses of 66 Matched pre/post Sera. Asubset of 66 matched pre- and post-vaccinated serum panel from adultsvaccinated with a 13 valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (study6115A1-3005; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00546572) were assessedin OPAs for the presence of functional antibodies against serotypes 18C,18F, 18A, and 18B. The percent of samples with OPA positive titer (i.e.,≥1:8) is indicated above each group. Geometric mean titers (GMT) arelisted in the x axis below each group.

FIG. 3 Reverse cumulative distribution curves (RCDC) of pre and postImmunization—pneumococcal serotype 18C.

Reverse cumulative distribution curves of OPA titers to serotype 18Cfrom a matched pre- and post-vaccination serum panel (N=66) vaccinatedwith a 13 valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (study 6115A1-3005;ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00546572). The plots represent thepercent of sera with OPA positive titer (i.e., ≥1:8).

FIG. 4 Reverse cumulative distribution curves (RCDC) of pre and postImmunization—pneumococcal serotype 18A.

Reverse cumulative distribution curves of OPA titers to serotype 18Afrom a matched pre- and post-vaccination serum panel (N=66) vaccinatedwith a 13 valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (study 6115A1-3005;ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00546572). The plots represent thepercent of sera with OPA positive titer (i.e., ≥1:8).

FIG. 5 Reverse cumulative distribution curves (RCDC) of pre and postImmunization—pneumococcal serotype 18B.

Reverse cumulative distribution curves of OPA titers to serotype 18Bfrom a matched pre- and post-vaccination serum panel (N=66) vaccinatedwith with a 13 valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (study 6115A1-3005;ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00546572). The plots represent thepercent of sera with OPA positive titer (i.e., ≥1:8).

FIG. 6 Reverse cumulative distribution curves (RCDC) of pre and postImmunization—pneumococcal serotype 18F.

Reverse cumulative distribution curves of OPA titers to serotype 18Ffrom a matched pre- and post-vaccination serum panel (N=66) vaccinatedwith with a 13 valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (study 6115A1-3005;ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00546572). The plots represent thepercent of sera with OPA positive titer (i.e., ≥1:8).

1 IMMUNOGENIC COMPOSITIONS OF THE INVENTION

Immunogenic compositions of the present invention will typicallycomprise conjugated capsular saccharide antigens (also namedglycoconjugates), wherein the saccharides are derived from serotypes ofS. pneumoniae.

Preferably, the number of S. pneumoniae capsular saccharides can rangefrom 1 serotype (or “v”, valences) to 25 different serotypes (25 v). Inone embodiment there is one serotype. In one embodiment there are 2different serotypes. In one embodiment there are 3 different serotypes.In one embodiment there are 4 different serotypes. In one embodimentthere are 5 different serotypes. In one embodiment there are 6 differentserotypes. In one embodiment there are 7 different serotypes. In oneembodiment there are 8 different serotypes. In one embodiment there are9 different serotypes. In one embodiment there are 10 differentserotypes. In one embodiment there are 11 different serotypes. In oneembodiment there are 12 different serotypes. In one embodiment there are13 different serotypes. In one embodiment there are 14 differentserotypes. In one embodiment there are 15 different serotypes. In oneembodiment there are 16 different serotypes. In an embodiment there are17 different serotypes. In an embodiment there are 18 differentserotypes. In an embodiment there are 19 different serotypes. In anembodiment there are 20 different serotypes. In an embodiment there are21 different serotypes. In an embodiment there are 22 differentserotypes. In an embodiment there are 23 different serotypes. In anembodiment there are 24 different serotypes. In an embodiment there are25 different serotypes. The capsular saccharides are conjugated to acarrier protein to form glycoconjugates as described here below.

If the protein carrier is the same for 2 or more saccharides in thecomposition, the saccharides could be conjugated to the same molecule ofthe protein carrier (carrier molecules having 2 or more differentsaccharides conjugated to it) [see for instance WO 2004/083251].

In a preferred embodiment though, the saccharides are each individuallyconjugated to different molecules of the protein carrier (each moleculeof protein carrier only having one type of saccharide conjugated to it).In said embodiment, the capsular saccharides are said to be individuallyconjugated to the carrier protein.

For the purposes of the invention the term ‘glycoconjugate’ indicates acapsular saccharide linked covalently to a carrier protein. In oneembodiment a capsular saccharide is linked directly to a carrierprotein. In a second embodiment a bacterial saccharide is linked to aprotein through a spacer/linker.

1.1 Carrier Protein of the Invention

A component of the glycoconjugate of the invention is a carrier proteinto which the saccharide is conjugated. The terms “protein carrier” or“carrier protein” or “carrier” may be used interchangeably herein.Carrier proteins should be amenable to standard conjugation procedures.

In a preferred embodiment, the carrier protein of the glycoconjugates isselected in the group consisting of: DT (Diphtheria toxin), TT (tetanustoxid) or fragment C of TT, CRM₁₉₇ (a nontoxic but antigenicallyidentical variant of diphtheria toxin), the A chain of diphtheria toxinmutant CRM₁₉₇ (CN103495161), other DT mutants (such as CRM176, CRM228,CRM45 (Uchida et al. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 218:3838-3844), CRM9, CRM102,CRM103 or CRM107; and other mutations described by Nicholls and Youle inGenetically Engineered Toxins, Ed: Frankel, Maecel Dekker Inc. (1992);deletion or mutation of Glu-148 to Asp, Gln or Ser and/or Ala 158 to Glyand other mutations disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,709,017 and 4,950,740;mutation of at least one or more residues Lys 516, Lys 526, Phe 530and/or Lys 534 and other mutations disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,917,017and 6,455,673; or fragment disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,711,pneumococcal pneumolysin (ply) (Kuo et al. (1995) Infect Immun63:2706-2713) including ply detoxified in some fashion, for exampledPLY-GMBS (WO 2004/081515 and WO 2006/032499) or dPLY-formol, PhtX,including PhtA, PhtB, PhtD, PhtE (sequences of PhtA, PhtB, PhtD or PhtEare disclosed in WO 00/37105 and WO 00/39299) and fusions of Phtproteins for example PhtDE fusions, PhtBE fusions, Pht A-E (WO 01/98334,WO 03/054007, WO 2009/000826), OMPC (meningococcal outer membraneprotein—usually extracted from Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B(EP0372501), PorB (from N. meningitidis), PD (Haemophilus influenzaeprotein D; see, e.g., EP0594610 B), or immunologically functionalequivalents thereof, synthetic peptides (EP0378881, EP0427347), heatshock proteins (WO 93/17712, WO 94/03208), pertussis proteins (WO98/58668, EP0471177), cytokines, lymphokines, growth factors or hormones(WO 91/01146), artificial proteins comprising multiple human CD4+ T cellepitopes from various pathogen derived antigens (Falugi et al. (2001)Eur J Immunol 31:3816-3824) such as N19 protein (Baraldoi et al. (2004)Infect Immun 72:4884-4887) pneumococcal surface protein PspA (WO02/091998), iron uptake proteins (WO 01/72337), toxin A or B ofClostridium difficile (WO 00/61761), transferrin binding proteins,pneumococcal adhesion protein (PsaA), recombinant Pseudomonas aeruginosaexotoxin A (in particular non-toxic mutants thereof (such as exotoxin Abearing a substitution at glutamic acid 553 (Douglas et al. (1987) J.Bacteriol. 169(11):4967-4971)). Other proteins, such as ovalbumin,keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), bovine serum albumin (BSA) or purifiedprotein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) also can be used as carrierproteins. Other suitable carrier proteins include inactivated bacterialtoxins such as cholera toxoid (e.g., as described in WO 2004/083251),Escherichia coli LT, E. coli ST, and exotoxin A from P. aeruginosa.

In a preferred embodiment, the carrier protein of the glycoconjugates isindependently selected from the group consisting of TT, DT, DT mutants(such as CRM₁₉₇), H. influenzae protein D, PhtX, PhtD, PhtDE fusions(particularly those described in WO 01/98334 and WO 03/054007),detoxified pneumolysin, PorB, N19 protein, PspA, OMPC, toxin A or B ofC. difficile and PsaA.

In an embodiment, the carrier protein of the glycoconjugates of theinvention is DT (Diphtheria toxoid). In another embodiment, the carrierprotein of the glycoconjugates of the invention is TT (tetanus toxid).

In another embodiment, the carrier protein of the glycoconjugates of theinvention is PD (H. influenzae protein D; see, e.g., EP0594610 B).

The CRM₁₉₇ protein is a nontoxic form of diphtheria toxin but isimmunologically indistinguishable from the diphtheria toxin. CRM₁₉₇ isproduced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae infected by the nontoxigenicphage β197^(tox-) created by nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis of thetoxigenic corynephage beta (Uchida et al. (1971) Nature New Biology233:8-11). The CRM₁₉₇ protein has the same molecular weight as thediphtheria toxin but differs therefrom by a single base change (guanineto adenine) in the structural gene. This single base change causes anamino acid substitution (glutamic acid for glycine) in the matureprotein and eliminates the toxic properties of diphtheria toxin. TheCRM₁₉₇ protein is a safe and effective T-cell dependent carrier forsaccharides. Further details about CRM₁₉₇ and production thereof can befound, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,614,382. In an embodiment, the capsularsaccharides of the invention are conjugated to CRM₁₉₇ protein or the Achain of CRM₁₉₇ (see CN103495161). In an embodiment, the capsularsaccharides of the invention are conjugated the A chain of CRM₁₉₇obtained via expression by genetically recombinant E. coli (seeCN103495161). In an embodiment, the capsular saccharides of theinvention are all conjugated to CRM₁₉₇. In an embodiment, the capsularsaccharides of the invention are all conjugated to the A chain ofCRM₁₉₇.

Accordingly, in frequent embodiments, the glycoconjugates of theinvention comprise CRM₁₉₇ as the carrier protein, wherein the capsularpolysaccharide is covalently linked to CRM₁₉₇.

1.2 Capsular Saccharide of the Invention

The term “saccharide” throughout this specification may indicatepolysaccharide or oligosaccharide and includes both. In frequentembodiments, the saccharide is a polysaccharide, in particular a S.pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide. Capsular polysaccharides areprepared by standard techniques known to those of ordinary skill in theart.

In the present invention, capsular polysaccharides may be prepared,e.g., from serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 8, 9V, 9N, 10A, 11A,12F, 14, 15B, 15C, 17F, 18C, 19A, 19F, 20, 22F, 23F and 33F of S.pneumoniae. Typically capsular polysaccharides are produced by growingeach S. pneumoniae serotype in a medium (e.g., in a soy-based medium),the polysaccharides are then prepared from the bacteria culture.Bacterial strains of S. pneumoniae used to make the respectivepolysaccharides that are used in the glycoconjugates of the inventionmay be obtained from established culture collections or clinicalspecimens.

The population of the organism (each S. pneumoniae serotype) is oftenscaled up from a seed vial to seed bottles and passaged through one ormore seed fermentors of increasing volume until production scalefermentation volumes are reached. At the end of the growth cycle thecells are lysed and the lysate broth is then harvested for downstream(purification) processing (see for example WO 2006/110381, WO2008/118752, and U.S. Patent App. Pub. Nos. 2006/0228380, 2006/0228381,2008/0102498 and 2008/0286838).

The individual polysaccharides are typically purified throughcentrifugation, precipitation, ultra-filtration, and/or columnchromatography (see for example WO 2006/110352 and WO 2008/118752).

Purified polysaccharides may be activated (e.g., chemically activated)to make them capable of reacting (e.g., either directly to the carrierprotein of via a linker such as an eTEC spacer) and then incorporatedinto glycoconjugates of the invention, as further described herein.

S. pneumoniae capsular polysaccharides comprise repeatingoligosaccharide units which may contain up to 8 sugar residues.

In an embodiment, capsular saccharide of the invention may be oneoligosaccharide unit, or a shorter than native length saccharide chainof repeating oligosaccharide units.

In an embodiment, capsular saccharide of the invention is one repeatingoligosaccharide unit of the relevant serotype.

In an embodiment, capsular saccharide of the invention may beoligosaccharides. Oligosaccharides have a low number of repeat units(typically 5-15 repeat units) and are typically derived synthetically orby hydrolysis of polysaccharides.

In an embodiment, all of the capsular saccharides of the presentinvention and in the immunogenic compositions of the present inventionare polysaccharides. High molecular weight capsular polysaccharides areable to induce certain antibody immune responses due to the epitopespresent on the antigenic surface. The isolation and purification of highmolecular weight capsular polysaccharides is preferably contemplated foruse in the conjugates, compositions and methods of the presentinvention.

In some embodiments, the purified polysaccharides before conjugationhave a molecular weight of between 5 kDa and 4,000 kDa. In other suchembodiments, the polysaccharide has a molecular weight of between 10 kDaand 4,000 kDa; between 50 kDa and 4,000 kDa; between 50 kDa and 3,000kDa; between 50 kDa and 2,000 kDa; between 50 kDa and 1,500 kDa; between50 kDa and 1,000 kDa; between 50 kDa and 750 kDa; between 50 kDa and 500kDa; between 100 kDa and 4,000 kDa; between 100 kDa and 3,000 kDa; 100kDa and 2,000 kDa; between 100 kDa and 1,500 kDa; between 100 kDa and1,000 kDa; between 100 kDa and 750 kDa; between 100 kDa and 500 kDa;between 100 and 400 kDa; between 200 kDa and 4,000 kDa; between 200 kDaand 3,000 kDa; between 200 kDa and 2,000 kDa; between 200 kDa and 1,500kDa; between 200 kDa and 1,000 kDa; or between 200 kDa and 500 kDa.

In further embodiments, the capsular polysaccharide has a molecularweight of between 70 kDa to 150 kDa; 80 kDa to 160 kDa; 90 kDa to 250kDa; 100 kDa to 1,000; 100 kDa to 500 kDa; 100 kDa to 400 kDa; 100 kDato 160 kDa; 150 kDa to 600 kDa; 200 kDa to 1,000 kDa; 200 kDa to 600kDa; 200 kDa to 400 kDa; 300 kDa to 1,000 KDa; 300 kDa to 600 kDa; 300kDa to 500 kDa or 500 kDa to 600 kDa.

In further embodiments, the capsular polysaccharide has a molecularweight of between 5 kDa to 100 kDa; 7 kDa to 100 kDa; 10 kDa to 100 kDa;20 kDa to 100 kDa; 30 kDa to 100 kDa; 40 kDa to 100 kDa; 50 kDa to 100kDa; 60 kDa to 100 kDa; 70 kDa to 100 kDa; 80 kDa to 100 kDa; 90 kDa to100 kDa; 5 kDa to 90 KDa; 5 kDa to 80 kDa; 5 kDa to 70 kDa; 5 kDa to 60kDa; 5 kDa to 50 kDa; 5 kDa to 40 kDa; 5 kDa to 30 kDa; 5 kDa to 20 kDaor 5 kDa to 10 kDa. Any whole number integer within any of the aboveranges is contemplated as an embodiment of the disclosure.

A polysaccharide can become slightly reduced in size during normalpurification procedures. Additionally, as described herein,polysaccharide can be subjected to sizing techniques before conjugation.Mechanical or chemical sizing maybe employed. Chemical hydrolysis maybeconducted using acetic acid. For example, saccharides of serotype 18Ccan be sized (and de-O-acetylated) by acetic acid treatment (see e.g.WO2006/110381, page 37 lines 1-4). Mechanical sizing maybe conductedusing High Pressure Homogenization Shearing. The molecular weight rangesmentioned above refer to purified polysaccharides before conjugation(e.g., before activation).

In a preferred embodiment the purified polysaccharides, are capsularpolysaccharide from serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 8, 9V, 9N, 10A,11A, 12F, 14, 15B, 15C, 17F, 18C, 19A, 19F, 20, 22F, 23F or 33F of S.pneumoniae, wherein the capsular polysaccharide has a molecular weightfalling within one of the molecular weight ranges as described hereabove.

As used herein, the term “molecular weight” of polysaccharide or ofcarrier protein-polysaccharide conjugate refers to molecular weightcalculated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) combined withmultiangle laser light scattering detector (MALLS).

In some embodiments, the pneumococcal saccharides from serotypes 9V,18C, 11A, 15B, 22F and/or 33F of the invention are O-acetylated. In someembodiments, the pneumococcal saccharides from serotypes 9V, 11A, 15B,22F and/or 33F of the invention are O-acetylated. In a preferedembodiment, the pneumococcal saccharide from serotype 18C of theinvention is de-O-acetylated. For example, saccharides of serotype 18Ccan be de-O-acetylated by acidic treatment (see e.g. WO2006/110381, page37 lines 1-4).

The degree of O-acetylation of the polysaccharide can be determined byany method known in the art, for example, by proton NMR (see for exampleLemercinier et al. (1996) Carbohydrate Research 296:83-96, Jones et al.(2002) J. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 30:1233-1247, WO2005/033148 and WO 00/56357). Another commonly used method is describedin Hestrin (1949) J. Biol. Chem. 180:249-261. Preferably, the presenceof O-acetyl groups is determined by ion-HPLC analysis. The purifiedpolysaccharides described herein are chemically activated to make thesaccharides capable of reacting with the carrier protein. Thesepneumococcal conjugates are prepared by separate processes andformulated into a single dosage formulation as described below.

1.3 Glycoconjugates of the Invention

The purified saccharides are chemically activated to make thesaccharides (i.e., activated saccharides) capable of reacting with thecarrier protein, either directly or via a linker. Once activated, eachcapsular saccharide is separately conjugated to a carrier protein toform a glycoconjugate. In one embodiment, each capsular saccharide isconjugated to the same carrier protein. The chemical activation of thesaccharides and subsequent conjugation to the carrier protein can beachieved by the activation and conjugation methods disclosed herein.

1.3.1 Glycoconjugates of the Invention

Capsular polysaccharides from serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 8,9V, 9N, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14, 15B, 15C, 17F, 18C, 19A, 19F, 20, 22F, 23Fand/or 33F of S. pneumoniae are prepared as disclosed above.

In an embodiment, the polysaccharides are activated with1-cyano-4-dimethylamino pyridinium tetrafluoroborate (CDAP) to form acyanate ester. The activated polysaccharide is then coupled directly orvia a spacer (linker) group to an amino group on the carrier protein(preferably CRM₁₉₇). For example, the spacer could be cystamine orcysteamine to give a thiolated polysaccharide which could be coupled tothe carrier via a thioether linkage obtained after reaction with amaleimide-activated carrier protein (for example usingN-[γ-maleimidobutyrloxy]succinimide ester (GMBS)) or a haloacetylatedcarrier protein (for example using iodoacetimide, N-succinimidylbromoacetate (SBA; SIB), N-succinimidyl(4-iodoacetyl)aminobenzoate(SIAB), sulfosuccinimidyl(4-iodoacetyl)aminobenzoate (sulfo-SIAB),N-succinimidyl iodoacetate (SIA), or succinimidyl3-[bromoacetamido]proprionate (SBAP)). Preferably, the cyanate ester(optionally made by CDAP chemistry) is coupled with hexane diamine oradipic acid dihydrazide (ADH) and the amino-derivatised saccharide isconjugated to the carrier protein (e.g., CRM₁₉₇) using carbodiimide(e.g., EDAC or EDC) chemistry via a carboxyl group on the proteincarrier. Such conjugates are described for example in WO 93/15760, WO95/08348 and WO 96/129094.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the glycoconjugates from S.pneumoniae serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 8, 9V, 9N, 10A, 11A,12F, 14, 15B, 15C, 17F, 18C, 19A, 19F, 20, 22F, 23F and/or 33F areprepared using CDAP chemistry. In an embodiment of the presentinvention, the glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotypes 1, 4, 5, 6B,7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F are prepared using CDAP chemistry. In anembodiment of the present invention, the glycoconjugates from S.pneumoniae serotypes 1, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F areprepared using CDAP chemistry. In an embodiment of the presentinvention, the glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotypes 1, 4, 5, 6B,7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, and 23F are prepared using CDAP chemistry. Inan embodiment of the present invention, the glycoconjugates from S.pneumoniae serotypes 1, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, and 23Fare prepared using CDAP chemistry. In an embodiment of the presentinvention, the glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5,6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, and 23F are prepared using CDAPchemistry.

Other suitable techniques for conjugation use carbodiimides, hydrazides,active esters, norborane, p-nitrobenzoic acid, N-hydroxysuccinimide,S—NHS, EDC, TSTU. Many are described in International Patent ApplicationPublication No. WO 98/42721. Conjugation may involve a carbonyl linkerwhich may be formed by reaction of a free hydroxyl group of thesaccharide with CDI (see Bethell et al. (1979) 1. Biol. Chern.254:2572-2574; Hearn et al. (1981) J. Chromatogr. 218:509-518) followedby reaction with a protein to form a carbamate linkage. This may involvereduction of the anomeric terminus to a primary hydroxyl group, optionalprotection/deprotection of the primary hydroxyl group, reaction of theprimary hydroxyl group with CDI to form a CDI carbamate intermediate andcoupling the CDI carbamate intermediate with an amino group on aprotein.

In an preferred embodiment, at least one of capsular polysaccharidesfrom serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 8, 9V, 9N, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14,15B, 15C, 17F, 18C, 19A, 19F, 20, 22F, 23F and 33F of S. pneumoniae isconjugated to the carrier protein by reductive amination (such asdescribed in U.S. Patent Appl. Pub. Nos. 2006/0228380, 2007/184072,2007/0231340 and 2007/0184071, WO 2006/110381, WO 2008/079653, and WO2008/143709).

In an embodiment of the present invention, the glycoconjugate from S.pneumoniae serotype 18C is prepared by reductive amination. In anembodiment of the present invention, the glycoconjugate from S.pneumoniae serotype 6A is prepared by reductive amination. In anembodiment of the present invention, the glycoconjugate from S.pneumoniae serotype 19A is prepared by reductive amination. In anembodiment of the present invention, the glycoconjugate from S.pneumoniae serotype 3 is prepared by reductive amination. In anembodiment of the present invention, the glycoconjugates from S.pneumoniae serotypes 6A and 19A are prepared by reductive amination. Inan embodiment of the present invention, the glycoconjugates from S.pneumoniae serotypes 3, 6A and 19A are prepared by reductive amination.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the glycoconjugatesfrom S. pneumoniae serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F and 23F areprepared by reductive amination. In an embodiment of the presentinvention, the glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotypes 1, 4, 6B,9V, 14, 18C, 19F and 23F are prepared by reductive amination. In anembodiment of the present invention, the glycoconjugates from S.pneumoniae serotypes 1, 4, 5, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F and 23F are preparedby reductive amination. In an embodiment of the present invention, theglycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotypes 1, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14,18C, 19F and 23F are prepared by reductive amination. In an embodimentof the present invention, the glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniaeserotypes 1, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F and 23F are prepared byreductive amination. In an embodiment of the present invention, theglycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotypes 1, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V,14, 18C, 19A, 19F and 23F are prepared by reductive amination. In anembodiment of the present invention, the glycoconjugates from S.pneumoniae serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F and23F are all prepared by reductive amination.

In another preferred embodiment, the glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniaeserotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, 22F and 23F areall prepared by reductive amination.

In another preferred embodiment, the glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniaeserotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 15B, 18C, 19A, 19F, 22F and23F are all prepared by reductive amination.

In another preferred embodiment, the glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniaeserotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 8, 9V, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14, 15B, 18C,19A, 19F, 22F and 23F are all prepared by reductive amination.

In another preferred embodiment, the glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniaeserotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F and 23F areall prepared by reductive amination.

In another preferred embodiment, the glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniaeserotypes 1, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 12F, 14, 15C, 18C, 19A, 19F, 22F, 23Fand 33F are all prepared by reductive amination.

In another preferred embodiment, the glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniaeserotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 8, 9V, 10A, 11A, 14, 15B, 18C, 19A,19F, 22F and 23F are all prepared by reductive amination.

In another preferred embodiment, the glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniaeserotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 8, 9V, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14, 15B, 18C,19A, 19F, 22F and 23F are all prepared by reductive amination.

In another preferred embodiment, the glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniaeserotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 8, 9V, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14, 15B, 18C,19A, 19F, 22F, 23F and 33F are all prepared by reductive amination.

In another preferred embodiment, the glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniaeserotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 8, 9V, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14, 15B, 15C,17F, 18C, 19A, 19F, 20, 22F, 23F and 33F are all prepared by reductiveamination.

In another preferred embodiment, the glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniaeserotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 8, 9V, 9N, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14, 15B,15C, 17F, 18C, 19A, 19F, 20, 22F, 23F and 33F are all prepared byreductive amination.

Reductive amination involves two steps, (1) oxidation of thepolysaccharide, (2) reduction of the activated polysaccharide and acarrier protein to form a conjugate. Before oxidation, thepolysaccharide is optionally hydrolyzed. Mechanical or chemicalhydrolysis maybe employed. Chemical hydrolysis maybe conducted usingacetic acid.

The oxidation step may involve reaction with periodate. For the purposeof the present invention, the term “periodate” includes both periodateand periodic acid; the term also includes both metaperiodate (10₄ ⁻) andorthoperiodate (10₆ ⁵⁻) and includes the various salts of periodate(e.g., sodium periodate and potassium periodate). In an embodiment thecapsular polysaccharide is oxidized in the presence of metaperiodate,preferably in the presence of sodium periodate (NaIO₄). In anotherembodiment the capsular polysaccharide is oxydized in the presence oforthoperiodate, preferably in the presence of periodic acid.

In an embodiment, the oxidizing agent is a stable nitroxyl or nitroxideradical compound, such as piperidine-N-oxy or pyrrolidine-N-oxycompounds, in the presence of an oxidant to selectively oxidize primaryhydroxyls (as described in WO 2014/097099). In said reaction, the actualoxidant is the N-oxoammonium salt, in a catalytic cycle. In an aspect,said stable nitroxyl or nitroxide radical compound are piperidine-N-oxyor pyrrolidine-N-oxy compounds. In an aspect, said stable nitroxyl ornitroxide radical compound bears a TEMPO(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy) or a PROXYL(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy) moiety. In an aspect, saidstable nitroxyl radical compound is TEMPO or a derivative thereof. In anaspect, said oxidant is a molecule bearing a N-halo moiety. In anaspect, said oxidant is selected from the group consisting ofN-ChloroSuccinimide, N-Bromosuccinimide, N-Iodosuccinimide,Dichloroisocyanuric acid, 1,3,5-trichloro-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione,Dibromoisocyanuric acid, 1,3,5-tribromo-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione,Diiodoisocyanuric acid and 1,3,5-triiodo-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione.Preferably said oxidant is N-Chlorosuccinimide.

In a preferred embodiment, capsular polysaccharides from serotypes 12FS. pneumoniae are conjugated to the carrier protein by reductiveamination, wherein the oxidizing agent is2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) free radical andN-Chlorosuccinimide (NCS) as the cooxidant (as described in WO2014/097099). Therefore in one aspect, the glycoconjugates from S.pneumoniae serotype 12F are obtainable by a method comprising the stepsof: a) reacting a 12F saccharide with2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) and N-chlorosuccinimide(NCS) in an aqueous solvent to produce an activated saccharide; and b)reacting the activated saccharide with a carrier protein comprising oneor more amine groups (said method is designated “TEMPO/NCS-reductiveamination” thereafter).

Optionally the oxidation reaction is quenched by addition of a quenchingagent. The quenching agent maybe selected from vicinal diols,1,2-aminoalcohols, amino acids, glutathione, sulfite, bisulfate,dithionite, metabisulfite, thiosulfate, phosphites, hypophosphites orphosphorous acid (such as glycerol, ethylene glycol, propan-1,2-diol,butan-1,2-diol or butan-2,3-diol, ascorbic acid).

Following the oxidation step of the polysaccharide, the polysaccharideis said to be activated and is referred to an “activated polysaccharide”here below. The activated polysaccharide and the carrier protein may belyophilised (freeze-dried), either independently (discretelyophilization) or together (co-lyophilized). In one embodiment theactivated polysaccharide and the carrier protein are co-lyophilized. Inanother embodiment the activated polysaccharide and the carrier proteinare lyophilized independently.

In one embodiment the lyophilization takes place in the presence of anon-reducing sugar, possible non-reducing sugars include sucrose,trehalose, raffinose, stachyose, melezitose, dextran, mannitol, lactitoland palatinit.

The second step of the conjugation process is the reduction of theactivated polysaccharide and a carrier protein to form a conjugate(so-called reductive amination), using a reducing agent. Reducing agentswhich are suitable include the cyanoborohydrides (such as sodiumcyanoborohydride, sodium triacetoxyborohydride or sodium or zincborohydride in the presence of Bronsted or Lewis acids), amine boranessuch as pyridine borane, 2-Picoline Borane, 2,6-diborane-methanol,dimethylamine-borane, t-BuMe^(i)PrN-BH₃, benzylamine-BH₃ or5-ethyl-2-methylpyridine borane (PEMB) or borohydride exchange resin. Inone embodiment the reducing agent is sodium cyanoborohydride.

In an embodiment, the reduction reaction is carried out in aqueoussolvent (e.g., selected from PBS, MES, HEPES, Bis-tris, ADA, PIPES,MOPSO, BES, MOPS, DIPSO, MOBS, HEPPSO, POPSO, TEA, EPPS, Bicine or HEPB,at a pH between 6.0 and 8.5, 7.0 and 8.0, or 7.0 and 7.5), in anotherembodiment the reaction is carried out in aprotic solvent. In anembodiment, the reduction reaction is carried out in DMSO(dimethylsulfoxide) or in DMF (dimethylformamide) solvent. The DMSO orDMF solvent may be used to reconstitute the activated polysaccharide andcarrier protein which has been lyophilized.

At the end of the reduction reaction, there may be unreacted aldehydegroups remaining in the conjugates, these may be capped using a suitablecapping agent. In one embodiment this capping agent

is sodium borohydride (NaBH₄). Following the conjugation (the reductionreaction and optionally the capping), the glycoconjugates may bepurified (enriched with respect to the amount of polysaccharide-proteinconjugate) by a variety of techniques known to the skilled person. Thesetechniques include dialysis, concentration/diafiltration operations,tangential flow filtration precipitation/elution, column chromatography(DEAE or hydrophobic interaction chromatography), and depth filtration.In an embodiment, the glycoconjugates are purified by diafilitration orion exchange chromatography or size exclusion chromatography.

In one embodiment the glycoconjugates are sterile filtered.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the glycoconjugates from S.pneumoniae serotypes 1, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F areprepared using CDAP chemistry and the glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniaeserotype 6A is prepared by reductive amination.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the glycoconjugates from S.pneumoniae serotypes 1, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F areprepared using CDAP chemistry and the glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniaeserotype 19A is prepared by reductive amination.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the glycoconjugates from S.pneumoniae serotypes 1, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F areprepared using CDAP chemistry and the glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniaeserotype 6A and 19A are prepared by reductive amination.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the glycoconjugates from S.pneumoniae serotypes 1, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F areprepared using CDAP chemistry and the glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniaeserotype 3, 6A and 19A are prepared by reductive amination.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the glycoconjugates from S.pneumoniae serotypes 1, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, 22F and 23F areprepared using CDAP chemistry and the glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniaeserotype 6A is prepared by reductive amination.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the glycoconjugates from S.pneumoniae serotypes 1, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, 22F, and 23F areprepared using CDAP chemistry and the glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniaeserotype 19A is prepared by reductive amination.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the glycoconjugates from S.pneumoniae serotypes 1, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, 22F, and 23F areprepared using CDAP chemistry and the glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniaeserotype 6A and 19A are prepared by reductive amination.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the glycoconjugates from S.pneumoniae serotypes 1, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 8, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, 22F and 23Fare prepared using CDAP chemistry and the glycoconjugates from S.pneumoniae serotype 3, 6A and 19A are prepared by reductive amination.

In an embodiment, the glycoconjugates of the invention are preparedusing the eTEC conjugation, such as described in WO 2014/027302. Saidglycoconjugates comprise a saccharide covalently conjugated to a carrierprotein through one or more eTEC spacers, wherein the saccharide iscovalently conjugated to the eTEC spacer through a carbamate linkage,and wherein the carrier protein is covalently conjugated to the eTECspacer through an amide linkage. The eTEC linked glycoconjugates of theinvention may be represented by the general formula (I):

where the atoms that comprise the eTEC spacer are contained in thecentral box.

The eTEC spacer includes seven linear atoms (i.e.,—C(O)NH(CH₂)₂SCH₂C(O)—) and provides stable thioether and amide bondsbetween the saccharide and carrier protein. Synthesis of the eTEC linkedglycoconjugate involves reaction of an activated hydroxyl group of thesaccharide with the amino group of a thioalkylamine reagent, e.g.,cystamine or cysteinamine or a salt thereof, forming a carbamate linkageto the saccharide to provide a thiolated saccharide. Generation of oneor more free sulfhydryl groups is accomplished by reaction with areducing agent to provide an activated thiolated saccharide. Reaction ofthe free sulfhydryl groups of the activated thiolated saccharide with anactivated carrier protein having one or more α-haloacetamide groups onamine containing residues generates a thioether bond to form theconjugate, wherein the carrier protein is attached to the eTEC spacerthrough an amide bond.

In said glycoconjugates of the invention, the saccharide may be apolysaccharide or an oligosaccharide. The carrier protein may beselected from any suitable carrier as described herein or known to thoseof skill in the art. In frequent embodiments, the saccharide is apolysaccharide. In some such embodiments, the carrier protein is CRM₁₉₇.In some such embodiments, the eTEC linked glycoconjugate comprises a S.pneumoniae serotype 33F capsular polysaccharide.

In particularly preferred embodiments, the eTEC linked glycoconjugatecomprises a pneumococcal serotype 33F (Pn33F) capsular polysaccharide,which is covalently conjugated to CRM₁₉₇ through an eTEC spacer(serotype 33F eTEC linked glycoconjugates).

In some embodiments, the glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotypes 1,7F, 9V and/or 18C of the invention are O-acetylated. In someembodiments, the glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotypes 1, 7F and9V is O-acetylated and the glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype18C is de-O-acetylated.

In some embodiments, the glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 1comprise a saccharide which has a degree of O-acetylation of between 10and 100%, between 20 and 100%, between 30 and 100%, between 40 and 100%,between 50 and 100%, between 60 and 100%, between 70 and 100%, between75 and 100%, 80 and 100%, 90 and 100%, 50 and 90%, 60 and 90%, 70 and90% or 80 and 90%. In other embodiments, the degree of O-acetylation is≥10%, ≥20%, ≥30%, ≥40%, ≥50%, ≥60%, ≥70%, ≥80%, ≥90%, or about 100%.

In some embodiments, the glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 7Fcomprise a saccharide which has a degree of O-acetylation of between 10and 100%, between 20 and 100%, between 30 and 100%, between 40 and 100%,between 50 and 100%, between 60 and 100%, between 70 and 100%, between75 and 100%, 80 and 100%, 90 and 100%, 50 and 90%, 60 and 90%, 70 and90% or 80 and 90%. In other embodiments, the degree of O-acetylation is≥10%, ≥20%, ≥30%, ≥40%, ≥50%, ≥60%, ≥70%, ≥80%, ≥90%, or about 100%.

In some embodiments, the glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 9Vcomprise a saccharide which has a degree of O-acetylation of between 10and 100%, between 20 and 100%, between 30 and 100%, between 40 and 100%,between 50 and 100%, between 60 and 100%, between 70 and 100%, between75 and 100%, 80 and 100%, 90 and 100%, 50 and 90%, 60 and 90%, 70 and90% or 80 and 90%. In other embodiments, the degree of O-acetylation is≥10%, ≥20%, ≥30%, ≥40%, ≥50%, ≥60%, ≥70%, ≥80%, ≥90%, or about 100%.

In some embodiments, the glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 18Ccomprise a saccharide which has a degree of O-acetylation of between 10and 100%, between 20 and 100%, between 30 and 100%, between 40 and 100%,between 50 and 100%, between 60 and 100%, between 70 and 100%, between75 and 100%, 80 and 100%, 90 and 100%, 50 and 90%, 60 and 90%, 70 and90% or 80 and 90%. In other embodiments, the degree of O-acetylation is≥10%, ≥20%, ≥30%, ≥40%, ≥50%, ≥60%, ≥70%, ≥80%, ≥90%, or about 100%.Preferably though, the glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 18C isde-O-acetylated. In some said embodiments, the glycoconjugate from S.pneumoniae serotype 18C comprise a saccharide which has a degree ofO-acetylation of between 0 and 50%, between 0 and 40%, between 0 and30%, between 0 and 20%, between 0 and 10%, between 0 and 5%, or between0 and 2%. In other embodiments, the degree of O-acetylation is ≤50%,≤40%, ≤30%, ≤20%, ≤10%, ≤5%, ≤2% , or ≤1%.

By % of O-acetylation it is meant the percentage of a given sacchariderelative to 100% (where each repeat unit is fully acetylated relative toits acetylated structure).

In some embodiments, the glycoconjugates of the present inventioncomprise a saccharide having a molecular weight of between 5 kDa and2,000 kDa. In other such embodiments, the saccharide has a molecularweight of between 50 kDa and 1,000 kDa. In other such embodiments, thesaccharide has a molecular weight of between 70 kDa and 900 kDa. Inother such embodiments, the saccharide has a molecular weight of between100 kDa and 800 kDa. In other such embodiments, the saccharide has amolecular weight of between 200 kDa and 600 kDa. In further suchembodiments, the saccharide has a molecular weight of between 100 kDa to1000 kDa; 100 kDa to 900 kDa; 100 kDa to 800 kDa; 100 kDa to 700 kDa;100 kDa to 600 kDa; 100 kDa to 500 kDa; 100 kDa to 400 kDa; 100 kDa to300 kDa; 150 kDa to 1,000 kDa; 150 kDa to 900 kDa; 150 kDa to 800 kDa;150 kDa to 700 kDa; 150 kDa to 600 kDa; 150 kDa to 500 kDa; 150 kDa to400 kDa; 150 kDa to 300 kDa; 200 kDa to 1,000 kDa; 200 kDa to 900 kDa;200 kDa to 800 kDa; 200 kDa to 700 kDa; 200 kDa to 600 kDa; 200 kDa to500 kDa; 200 kDa to 400 kDa; 200 kDa to 300; 250 kDa to 1,000 kDa; 250kDa to 900 kDa; 250 kDa to 800 kDa; 250 kDa to 700 kDa; 250 kDa to 600kDa; 250 kDa to 500 kDa; 250 kDa to 400 kDa; 250 kDa to 350 kDa; 300 kDato 1,000 kDa; 300 kDa to 900 kDa; 300 kDa to 800 kDa; 300 kDa to 700kDa; 300 kDa to 600 kDa; 300 kDa to 500 kDa; 300 kDa to 400 kDa; 400 kDato 1,000 kDa; 400 kDa to 900 kDa; 400 kDa to 800 kDa; 400 kDa to 700kDa; 400 kDa to 600 kDa; 500 kDa to 600 kDa. In further embodiments, thesaccharide has a molecular weight of between 5 kDa to 100 kDa; 7 kDa to100 kDa; 10 kDa to 100 kDa; 20 kDa to 100 kDa; 30 kDa to 100 kDa; 40 kDato 100 kDa; 50 kDa to 100 kDa; 60 kDa to 100 kDa; 70 kDa to 100 kDa; 80kDa to 100 kDa; 90 kDa to 100 kDa; 5 kDa to 90 KDa; 5 kDa to 80 kDa; 5kDa to 70 kDa; 5 kDa to 60 kDa; 5 kDa to 50 kDa; 5 kDa to 40 kDa; 5 kDato 30 kDa; 5 kDa to 20 kDa or 5 kDa to 10 kDa. Any whole number integerwithin any of the above ranges is contemplated as an embodiment of thedisclosure. In some such embodiments, the glycoconjugate is preparedusing reductive amination.

In some embodiments, the glycoconjugate of the invention has a molecularweight of between 100 kDa and 15,000 kDa; between 500 kDa and 10,000kDa; between 2,000 kDa and 10,000 kDa; between 3,000 kDa and 8,000 kDakDa; or between 3,000 kDa and 5,000 kDa. In other embodiments, theglycoconjugate has a molecular weight of between 500 kDa and 10,000 kDa.In other embodiments, glycoconjugate has a molecular weight of between1,000 kDa and 8,000 kDa. In still other embodiments, the glycoconjugatehas a molecular weight of between 2,000 kDa and 8,000 kDa or between3,000 kDa and 7,000 kDa. In further embodiments, the glycoconjugate ofthe invention has a molecular weight of between 200 kDa and 20,000 kDa;between 200 kDa and 15,000 kDa; between 200 kDa and 10,000 kDa; between200 kDa and 7,500 kDa; between 200 kDa and 5,000 kDa; between 200 kDaand 3,000 kDa; between 200 kDa and 1,000 kDa; between 500 kDa and 20,000kDa; between 500 kDa and 15,000 kDa; between 500 kDa and 12,500 kDa;between 500 kDa and 10,000 kDa; between 500 kDa and 7,500 kDa; between500 kDa and 6,000 kDa; between 500 kDa and 5,000 kDa; between 500 kDaand 4,000 kDa; between 500 kDa and 3,000 kDa; between 500 kDa and 2,000kDa; between 500 kDa and 1,500 kDa; between 500 kDa and 1,000 kDa;between 750 kDa and 20,000 kDa; between 750 kDa and 15,000 kDa; between750kDa and 12,500 kDa; between 750kDa and 10,000 kDa; between 750kDa and7,500 kDa; between 750 kDa and 6,000 kDa; between 750 kDa and 5,000 kDa;between 750 kDa and 4,000 kDa; between 750 kDa and 3,000 kDa; between750 kDa and 2,000 kDa; between 750 kDa and 1,500 kDa; between 1,000 kDaand 15,000 kDa; between 1,000 kDa and 12,500 kDa; between 1,000 kDa and10,000 kDa; between 1,000 kDa and 7,500 kDa; between 1,000 kDa and 6,000kDa; between 1,000 kDa and 5,000 kDa; between 1,000 kDa and 4,000 kDa;between 1,000 kDa and 2,500 kDa; between 2,000 kDa and 15,000 kDa;between 2,000 kDa and 12,500 kDa; between 2,000 kDa and 10,000 kDa;between 2,000 kDa and 7,500 kDa; between 2,000 kDa and 6,000 kDa;between 2,000 kDa and 5,000 kDa; between 2,000 kDa and 4,000 kDa; orbetween 2,000 kDa and 3,000 kDa.

In further embodiments, the glycoconjugate of the invention has amolecular weight of between 3,000 kDa and 20,000 kDa; between 3,000 kDaand 15,000 kDa; between 3,000 kDa and 10,000 kDa; between 3,000 kDa and7,500 kDa; between 3,000 kDa and 5,000 kDa; between 4,000 kDa and 20,000kDa; between 4,000 kDa and 15,000 kDa; between 4,000 kDa and 12,500 kDa;between 4,000 kDa and 10,000 kDa; between 4,000 kDa and 7,500 kDa;between 4,000 kDa and 6,000 kDa; or between 4,000 kDa and 5,000 kDa.

In further embodiments, the glycoconjugate of the invention has amolecular weight of between 5,000 kDa and 20,000 kDa; between 5,000 kDaand 15,000 kDa; between 5,000 kDa and 10,000 kDa; between 5,000 kDa and7,500 kDa; between 6,000 kDa and 20,000 kDa; between 6,000 kDa and15,000 kDa; between 6,000 kDa and 12,500 kDa; between 6,000 kDa and10,000 kDa or between 6,000 kDa and 7,500 kDa.

In further embodiments, the glycoconjugate of the invention has amolecular weight of between 100 kDa and 250 kDa; between 100 kDa and 500kDa; between 100 kDa and 750 kDa; between 100 kDa and 1000 kDa; between100 kDa and 1500 kDa; between 100 kDa and 2000 kDa; between 100 kDa and2500 kDa; between 100 kDa and 3000 kDa; between 250 kDa and 500 kDa;between 250 kDa and 1000 kDa; between 250 kDa and 1500 kDa; between 250kDa and 2000 kDa or between 250 kDa and 2500 kDa.

The molecular weight of the glycoconjugate is measured by SEC-MALLS. Anywhole number integer within any of the above ranges is contemplated asan embodiment of the disclosure.

In a preferred embodiment, the serotype 22F glycoconjugate of theinvention comprises at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 or 0.7 orabout 0.8 mM acetate per mM serotype 22F polysaccharide. In a preferredembodiment, the glycoconjugate comprises at least 0.5, 0.6 or 0.7 mMacetate per mM serotype 22F polysaccharide. In a preferred embodiment,the glycoconjugate comprises at least 0.6 mM acetate per mM serotype 22Fpolysaccharide. In a preferred embodiment, the glycoconjugate comprisesat least 0.7 mM acetate per mM serotype 22F polysaccharide.

In a preferred embodiment, the serotype 33F glycoconjugate of theinvention comprises at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 or 0.8 mMacetate per mM serotype 33F capsular polysaccharide. In a preferredembodiment, the glycoconjugate comprises at least 0.5, 0.6 or 0.7 mMacetate per mM serotype 33F capsular polysaccharide. In a preferredembodiment, the glycoconjugate comprises at least 0.6 mM acetate per mMserotype 33F capsular polysaccharide. In a preferred embodiment, theglycoconjugate comprises at least 0.7 mM acetate per mM serotype 33Fcapsular polysaccharide. In a preferred embodiment, the presence ofO-acetyl groups is determined by ion-HPLC analysis.

In a preferred embodiment, the serotype 15B glycoconjugate of theinvention comprises at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 or 0.8 mMacetate per mM serotype 15B capsular polysaccharide. In a preferredembodiment, the glycoconjugate comprises at least 0.5, 0.6 or 0.7 mMacetate per mM serotype 15B capsular polysaccharide. In a preferredembodiment, the glycoconjugate comprises at least 0.6 mM acetate per mMserotype 15B capsular polysaccharide. In a preferred embodiment, theglycoconjugate comprises at least 0.7 mM acetate per mM serotype 15Bcapsular polysaccharide. In a preferred embodiment, the presence ofO-acetyl groups is determined by ion-HPLC analysis.

In a preferred embodiment, the serotype 15B glycoconjugate of theinvention comprises at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 or 0.8 mMglycerol per mM serotype 15B capsular polysaccharide. In a preferredembodiment, the serotype 15B glycoconjugate of the invention comprisesat least 0.5, 0.6 or 0.7 mM glycerol per mM serotype 15B capsularpolysaccharide. In a preferred embodiment, the serotype 15Bglycoconjugate of the invention comprises at least 0.6 mM glycerol permM serotype 15B capsular polysaccharide. In a preferred embodiment, theserotype 15B glycoconjugate of the invention comprises at least 0.7 mMglycerol per mM serotype 15B capsular polysaccharide.

In a preferred embodiment, the serotype 11A glycoconjugate of theinvention comprises at least 0.3, 0.5, 0.6, 1.0, 1.4, 1.8, 2.2, 2.6,3.0, 3.4, 3.8, 4.2, 4.6 or about 5.0 mM acetate per mM serotype 11Apolysaccharide. In a preferred embodiment, the serotype 11Aglycoconjugate comprises at least 1.8, 2.2 or 2.6 mM acetate per mMserotype 11A polysaccharide. In an embodiment, the glycoconjugatecomprises at least 0.6 mM acetate per mM serotype 11A polysaccharide. Ina preferred embodiment, the serotype 11A glycoconjugate of the inventioncomprises at least 0.6, 1.0, 1.4, 1.8, 2.2, 2.6, 3.0, 3.4, 3.8, 4.2 orabout 4.6 mM acetate per mM serotype 11A polysaccharide and less thanabout 5.0 mM acetate per mM serotype 11A polysaccharide. In anembodiment, the serotype 11A glycoconjugate of the invention comprisesat least 0.6, 1.0, 1.4, 1.8, 2.2, 2.6, or about 3.0 mM acetate per mMserotype 11A polysaccharide and less than about 3.4 mM acetate per mMserotype 11A polysaccharide. In an embodiment, the serotype 11Aglycoconjugate of the invention comprises at least 0.6, 1.0, 1.4, 1.8,2.2, 2.6, or about 3.0 mM acetate per mM serotype 11A polysaccharide andless than about 3.3 mM acetate per mM serotype 11A polysaccharide. Anyof the above number is contemplated as an embodiment of the disclosure.

In a preferred embodiment, the serotype 11A glycoconjugate of theinvention comprises at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9or about 1.0 mM glycerol per mM serotype 11A polysaccharide. In apreferred embodiment, the serotype 11A glycoconjugate comprises at least0.2, 0.3 or 0.4 mM glycerol per mM serotype 11A polysaccharide. In apreferred embodiment, the serotype 11A glycoconjugate of the inventioncomprises at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 or about 0.9mM glycerol per mM serotype 11A polysaccharide and less than about 1.0mM glycerol per mM serotype 11A polysaccharide. In a preferredembodiment, the serotype 11A glycoconjugate of the invention comprisesat least 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, or about 0.7 mM glycerol per mM serotype11A polysaccharide and less than about 0.8 mM glycerol per mM serotype11A polysaccharide. Any of the above number is contemplated as anembodiment of the disclosure.

Another way to characterize the glycoconjugates of the invention is bythe number of lysine residues in the carrier protein (e.g., CRM₁₉₇) thatbecome conjugated to the saccharide which can be characterized as arange of conjugated lysines (degree of conjugation). The evidence forlysine modification of the carrier protein, due to covalent linkages tothe polysaccharides, can be obtained by amino acid analysis usingroutine methods known to those of skill in the art. Conjugation resultsin a reduction in the number of lysine residues recovered, compared tothe carrier protein starting material used to generate the conjugatematerials. In a preferred embodiment, the degree of conjugation of theglycoconjugate of the invention is between 2 and 15, between 2 and 13,between 2 and 10, between 2 and 8, between 2 and 6, between 2 and 5,between 2 and 4, between 3 and 15, between 3 and 13, between 3 and 10,between 3 and 8, between 3 and 6, between 3 and 5, between 3 and 4,between 5 and 15, between 5 and 10, between 8 and 15, between 8 and 12,between 10 and 15 or between 10 and 12. In an embodiment, the degree ofconjugation of the glycoconjugate of the invention is about 2, about 3,about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about11, about 12, about 13, about 14 or about 15. In a preferred embodiment,the degree of conjugation of the glycoconjugate of the invention isbetween 4 and 7. In some such embodiments, the carrier protein isCRM₁₉₇.

The glycoconjugates of the invention may also be characterized by theratio (weight/weight) of saccharide to carrier protein. In someembodiments, the ratio of polysaccharide to carrier protein in theglycoconjugate (w/w) is between 0.5 and 3 (e.g., about 0.5, about 0.6,about 0.7, about 0.8, about 0.9, about 1.0, about 1.1, about 1.2, about1.3, about 1.4, about 1.5, about 1.6, about 1.7, about 1.8, about 1.9,about 2.0, about 2.1, about 2.2, about 2.3, about 2.4, about 2.5, about2.6, about 2.7, about 2.8, about 2.9, or about 3.0). In otherembodiments, the saccharide to carrier protein ratio (w/w) is between0.5 and 2.0, between 0.5 and 1.5, between 0.8 and 1.2, between 0.5 and1.0, between 1.0 and 1.5 or between 1.0 and 2.0. In further embodiments,the saccharide to carrier protein ratio (w/w) is between 0.8 and 1.2. Ina preferred embodiment, the ratio of capsular polysaccharide to carrierprotein in the conjugate is between 0.9 and 1.1. In some suchembodiments, the carrier protein is CRM₁₉₇.

The glycoconjugates and immunogenic compositions of the invention maycontain free saccharide that is not covalently conjugated to the carrierprotein, but is nevertheless present in the glycoconjugate composition.The free saccharide may be non-covalently associated with (i.e.,non-covalently bound to, adsorbed to, or entrapped in or with) theglycoconjugate.

In a preferred embodiment, the glycoconjugate comprises less than about50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20% or 15% of free polysaccharide comparedto the total amount of polysaccharide. In a preferred embodiment theglycoconjugate comprises less than about 25% of free polysaccharidecompared to the total amount of polysaccharide. In a preferredembodiment the glycoconjugate comprises less than about 20% of freepolysaccharide compared to the total amount of polysaccharide. In apreferred embodiment the glycoconjugate comprises less than about 15% offree polysaccharide compared to the total amount of polysaccharide.

The glycoconjugates may also be characterized by their molecular sizedistribution (K_(d)). Size exclusion chromatography media (CL-4B) can beused to determine the relative molecular size distribution of theconjugate. Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) is used in gravity fedcolumns to profile the molecular size distribution of conjugates.

Large molecules excluded from the pores in the media elute more quicklythan small molecules. Fraction collectors are used to collect the columneluate. The fractions are tested colorimetrically by saccharide assay.For the determination of K_(d), columns are calibrated to establish thefraction at which molecules are fully excluded (V₀), (K_(d)=0), and thefraction representing the maximum retention (V_(i)), (K_(d)=1). Thefraction at which a specified sample attribute is reached (V_(e)), isrelated to K_(d) by the expression, K_(d)=(V_(e) −V₀)/(V_(i)−V₀).

In a preferred embodiment, at least 30% of the glycoconjugate has aK_(d) below or equal to 0.3 in a CL-4B column. In a preferredembodiment, at least 40% of the glycoconjugate has a K_(d) below orequal to 0.3 in a CL-4B column. In a preferred embodiment, at least 45%,50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80% or 85% of the glycoconjugate has aK_(d) below or equal to 0.3 in a CL-4B column. In a preferredembodiment, at least 60% of the glycoconjugate has a K_(d) below orequal to 0.3 in a CL-4B column. In a preferred embodiment, between 50%and 80% of the glycoconjugate has a K_(d) below or equal to 0.3 in aCL-4B column. In a preferred embodiment, between 65% and 80% of theglycoconjugate has a K_(d) below or equal to 0.3 in a CL-4B column. Thefrequency of attachment of the saccharide chain to a lysine on thecarrier protein is another parameter for characterizing theglycoconjugates of the invention. For example, in some embodiments, atleast one covalent linkage between the carrier protein and thepolysaccharide occurs for every 4 saccharide repeat units of thepolysaccharide. In another embodiment, the covalent linkage between thecarrier protein and the polysaccharide occurs at least once in every 10saccharide repeat units of the polysaccharide. In another embodiment,the covalent linkage between the carrier protein and the polysaccharideoccurs at least once in every 15 saccharide repeat units of thepolysaccharide. In a further embodiment, the covalent linkage betweenthe carrier protein and the polysaccharide occurs at least once in every25 saccharide repeat units of the polysaccharide.

In frequent embodiments, the carrier protein is CRM₁₉₇ and the covalentlinkage via an eTEC spacer between the CRM₁₉₇ and the polysaccharideoccurs at least once in every 4, 10, 15 or 25 saccharide repeat units ofthe polysaccharide.

In other embodiments, the conjugate comprises at least one covalentlinkage between the carrier protein and saccharide for every 5 to 10saccharide repeat units; every 2 to 7 saccharide repeat units; every 3to 8 saccharide repeat units; every 4 to 9 saccharide repeat units;every 6 to 11 saccharide repeat units; every 7 to 12 saccharide repeatunits; every 8 to 13 saccharide repeat units; every 9 to 14 sacchariderepeat units; every 10 to 15 saccharide repeat units; every 2 to 6saccharide repeat units, every 3 to 7 saccharide repeat units; every 4to 8 saccharide repeat units; every 6 to 10 saccharide repeat units;every 7 to 11 saccharide repeat units; every 8 to 12 saccharide repeatunits; every 9 to 13 saccharide repeat units; every 10 to 14 sacchariderepeat units; every 10 to 20 saccharide repeat units; every 4 to 25saccharide repeat units or every 2 to 25 saccharide repeat units. Infrequent embodiments, the carrier protein is CRM₁₉₇.

In another embodiment, at least one linkage between carrier protein andsaccharide occurs for every 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25 saccharide repeat units ofthe polysaccharide. In an embodiment, the carrier protein is CRM₁₉₇. Anywhole number integer within any of the above ranges is contemplated asan embodiment of the disclosure.

1.3.2 Serotype 18C Glycoconjugates of the Invention

In one embodiment, the 18C glycoconjugates of the invention are asdefined in the present section.

Capsular polysaccharides from serotype 18C of S. pneumoniae are preparedas disclosed above.

In an embodiment, the polysaccharides are activated with1-cyano-4-dimethylamino pyridinium tetrafluoroborate (CDAP) to form acyanate ester. The activated polysaccharide is then coupled directly orvia a spacer (linker) group to an amino group on the carrier protein(preferably CRM₁₉₇). For example, the spacer could be cystamine orcysteamine to give a thiolated polysaccharide which could be coupled tothe carrier via a thioether linkage obtained after reaction with amaleimide-activated carrier protein (for example usingN-[γ-maleimidobutyrloxy]succinimide ester (GMBS)) or a haloacetylatedcarrier protein (for example using iodoacetimide, N-succinimidylbromoacetate (SBA; SIB), N-succinimidyl(4-iodoacetyl)aminobenzoate(SIAB), sulfosuccinimidyl(4-iodoacetyl)aminobenzoate (sulfo-SIAB),N-succinimidyl iodoacetate (SIA), or succinimidyl3-[bromoacetamido]proprionate (SBAP)). Preferably, the cyanate ester(optionally made by CDAP chemistry) is coupled with hexane diamine oradipic acid dihydrazide (ADH) and the amino-derivatised saccharide isconjugated to the carrier protein (e.g., CRM₁₉₇) using carbodiimide(e.g., EDAC or EDC) chemistry via a carboxyl group on the proteincarrier. Such conjugates are described for example in WO 93/15760, WO95/08348 and WO 96/129094.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the glycoconjugate from S.pneumoniae serotype 18C is prepared using CDAP chemistry.

Other suitable techniques for conjugation use carbodiimides, hydrazides,active esters, norborane, p-nitrobenzoic acid, N-hydroxysuccinimide,S—NHS, EDC, TSTU. Many are described in International Patent ApplicationPublication No. WO 98/42721. Conjugation may involve a carbonyl linkerwhich may be formed by reaction of a free hydroxyl group of thesaccharide with CDI (see Bethell et al. (1979) 1. Biol. Chern.254:2572-2574; Hearn et al. (1981) J. Chromatogr. 218:509-518) followedby reaction with a protein to form a carbamate linkage. This may involvereduction of the anomeric terminus to a primary hydroxyl group, optionalprotection/deprotection of the primary hydroxyl group, reaction of theprimary hydroxyl group with CDI to form a CDI carbamate intermediate andcoupling the CDI carbamate intermediate with an amino group on aprotein.

In an preferred embodiment, capsular polysaccharide from serotype 18C ofS. pneumoniae is conjugated to the carrier protein by reductiveamination (such as described in U.S. Patent Appl. Pub. Nos.2006/0228380, 2007/184072, 2007/0231340 and 2007/0184071, WO2006/110381, WO 2008/079653, and WO 2008/143709).

Reductive amination involves two steps as disclosed above.

In some embodiments, the glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 18Cof the invention is O-acetylated. In some embodiments, theglycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 18C is de-O-acetylated.

In some embodiments, the glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 18Ccomprise a saccharide which has a degree of O-acetylation of between 10and 100%, between 20 and 100%, between 30 and 100%, between 40 and 100%,between 50 and 100%, between 60 and 100%, between 70 and 100%, between75 and 100%, 80 and 100%, 90 and 100%, 50 and 90%, 60 and 90%, 70 and90% or 80 and 90%. In other embodiments, the degree of O-acetylation is≥10%, ≥20%, ≥30%, ≥40%, ≥50%, ≥60%, ≥70%, ≥80%, ≥90%, or about 100%.Preferably though, the glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 18C isde-O-acetylated. In some said embodiments, the glycoconjugate from S.pneumoniae serotype 18C comprise a saccharide which has a degree ofO-acetylation of between 0 and 50%, between 0 and 40%, between 0 and30%, between 0 and 20%, between 0 and 10%, between 0 and 5%, or between0 and 2%. In other embodiments, the degree of O-acetylation is ≤50%,≤40%, ≤30%, ≤20%, ≤10%, ≤5%, ≤2%, or ≤1%.

By % of O-acetylation it is meant the percentage of a given sacchariderelative to 100% (where each repeat unit is fully acetylated relative toits acetylated structure).

In some embodiments, the glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 18Cof the present invention comprises a saccharide having a molecularweight of between 5 kDa and 2,000 kDa. In other such embodiments, thesaccharide has a molecular weight of between 10 kDa and 1,000 kDa. Inother such embodiments, the saccharide has a molecular weight of between15 kDa and 900 kDa. In other such embodiments, the saccharide has amolecular weight of between 20 kDa and 800 kDa. In further suchembodiments, the saccharide has a molecular weight of between 100 kDa to1000 kDa; 100 kDa to 900 kDa; 100 kDa to 800 kDa; 100 kDa to 700 kDa;100 kDa to 600 kDa; 100 kDa to 500 kDa; 100 kDa to 400 kDa; 100 kDa to300 kDa; 150 kDa to 1,000 kDa; 150 kDa to 900 kDa; 150 kDa to 800 kDa;150 kDa to 700 kDa; 150 kDa to 600 kDa; 150 kDa to 500 kDa; 150 kDa to400 kDa; 150 kDa to 300 kDa; 200 kDa to 1,000 kDa; 200 kDa to 900 kDa;200 kDa to 800 kDa; 200 kDa to 700 kDa; 200 kDa to 600 kDa; 200 kDa to500 kDa; 200 kDa to 400 kDa; 200 kDa to 300; 250 kDa to 1,000 kDa; 250kDa to 900 kDa; 250 kDa to 800 kDa; 250 kDa to 700 kDa; 250 kDa to 600kDa; 250 kDa to 500 kDa; 250 kDa to 400 kDa; 250 kDa to 350 kDa; 300 kDato 1,000 kDa; 300 kDa to 900 kDa; 300 kDa to 800 kDa; 300 kDa to 700kDa; 300 kDa to 600 kDa; 300 kDa to 500 kDa; 300 kDa to 400 kDa; 400 kDato 1,000 kDa; 400 kDa to 900 kDa; 400 kDa to 800 kDa; 400 kDa to 700kDa; 400 kDa to 600 kDa; 500 kDa to 600 kDa. In further preferredembodiments, the saccharide has a molecular weight of between 5 kDa to100 kDa; 7 kDa to 100 kDa; 10 kDa to 100 kDa; 20 kDa to 100 kDa; 30 kDato 100 kDa; 40 kDa to 100 kDa; 50 kDa to 100 kDa; 60 kDa to 100 kDa; 70kDa to 100 kDa; 80 kDa to 100 kDa or 90 kDa to 100 kDa. In furtherpreferred embodiments, the saccharide has a molecular weight of between5 kDa to 90 KDa; 5 kDa to 80 kDa; 5 kDa to 70 kDa; 5 kDa to 60 kDa; 5kDa to 50 kDa; 5 kDa to 40 kDa; 5 kDa to 30 kDa; 5 kDa to 20 kDa, 5 kDato 10 kDa, 10 kDa to 90 KDa; 10 kDa to 80 kDa; 10 kDa to 70 kDa; 10 kDato 60 kDa; 10 kDa to 50 kDa; 10 kDa to 40 kDa; 10 kDa to 30 kDa; 10 kDato 20 kDa, 20 kDa to 90 KDa; 20 kDa to 80 kDa; 20 kDa to 70 kDa; 20 kDato 60 kDa; 20 kDa to 50 kDa; 20 kDa to 40 kDa or 20 kDa to 30 kDa. Infurther preferred embodiments, the saccharide has a molecular weight ofbetween 30 kDa to 90 KDa; 30 kDa to 80 kDa; 30 kDa to 70 kDa; 30 kDa to60 kDa; 30 kDa to 50 kDa; 30 kDa to 40 kDa; 40 kDa to 90 KDa; 40 kDa to80 kDa; 40 kDa to 70 kDa; 40 kDa to 60 kDa; 40 kDa to 50 kDa; 50 kDa to90 KDa; 50 kDa to 80 kDa; 50 kDa to 70 kDa or 50 kDa to 60 kDa. Anywhole number integer within any of the above ranges is contemplated asan embodiment of the disclosure. In some such embodiments, theglycoconjugate is prepared using reductive amination.

In some embodiments, the glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 18Cof the present invention has a molecular weight of between 100 kDa and20,000 kDa; between 200 kDa and 10,000 kDa or between 300 kDa and 5,000kDa. In further embodiments, the glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniaeserotype 18C of the invention has a molecular weight of between 100 kDaand 5,000 kDa; between 150 kDa and 4,000 kDa; between 200 kDa and 3,000kDa or between 250 kDa and 2,000 kDa. In further embodiments, theglycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 18C of the invention has amolecular weight of between 100 kDa and 2,000 kDa; between 150 kDa and2,000 kDa; between 200 kDa and 2,000 kDa; between 250 kDa and 2,000 kDa;between 300 kDa and 2,000 kDa; between 350 kDa and 2,000 kDa; between400 kDa and 2,000 kDa; between 450 kDa and 2,000 kDa; between 500 kDaand 2,000 kDa; between 550 kDa and 2,000 kDa; between 600 kDa and 2,000kDa; between 700 kDa and 2,000 kDa; between 800 kDa and 2,000 kDa;between 900 kDa and 2,000 kDa; between 1,000 kDa and 2,000 kDa; between1,250 kDa and 2,000 kDa; between 1,500 kDa and 2,000 kDa or between1,750 kDa and 2,000 kDa. In further embodiments, the glycoconjugate fromS. pneumoniae serotype 18C of the invention has a molecular weight ofbetween 150 kDa and 2,000 kDa; between 150 kDa and 1,900 kDa; between150 kDa and 1,800 kDa; between 150 kDa and 1,700 kDa; between 150 kDaand 1,600 kDa; between 150 kDa and 1,500 kDa; between 150 kDa and 1,400kDa; between 150 kDa and 1,300 kDa; between 150 kDa and 1,200 kDa;between 150 kDa and 1,100 kDa; between 150 kDa and 1,000 kDa; between150 kDa and 900 kDa; between 150 kDa and 800 kDa; between 150 kDa and700 kDa; between 150 kDa and 600 kDa; between 150 kDa and 500 kDa;between 150 kDa and 400 kDa; between 150 kDa and 300 kDa or between 150kDa and 200 kDa. In further embodiments, the glycoconjugate from S.pneumoniae serotype 18C of the invention has a molecular weight ofbetween 200 kDa and 2,000 kDa; between 200 kDa and 1,900 kDa; between200 kDa and 1,800 kDa; between 200 kDa and 1,700 kDa; between 200 kDaand 1,600 kDa; between 200 kDa and 1,500 kDa; between 200 kDa and 1,400kDa; between 200 kDa and 1,300 kDa; between 200 kDa and 1,200 kDa;between 200 kDa and 1,100 kDa; between 200 kDa and 1,000 kDa; between200 kDa and 900 kDa; between 200 kDa and 800 kDa; between 200 kDa and700 kDa; between 200 kDa and 600 kDa; between 200 kDa and 500 kDa;between 200 kDa and 400 kDa or between 200 kDa and 300 kDa. In furtherembodiments, the glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 18C of theinvention has a molecular weight of between 250 kDa and 2,000 kDa;between 250 kDa and 1,900 kDa; between 250 kDa and 1,800 kDa; between250 kDa and 1,700 kDa; between 250 kDa and 1,600 kDa; between 250 kDaand 1,500 kDa; between 250 kDa and 1,400 kDa; between 250 kDa and 1,300kDa; between 250 kDa and 1,200 kDa; between 250 kDa and 1,100 kDa;between 250 kDa and 1,000 kDa; between 250 kDa and 900 kDa; between 250kDa and 800 kDa; between 250 kDa and 700 kDa; between 250 kDa and 600kDa; between 250 kDa and 500 kDa; between 250 kDa and 400 kDa or between250 kDa and 300 kDa. In further embodiments, the glycoconjugate from S.pneumoniae serotype 18C of the invention has a molecular weight ofbetween 300 kDa and 2,000 kDa; between 300 kDa and 1,900 kDa; between300 kDa and 1,800 kDa; between 300 kDa and 1,700 kDa; between 300 kDaand 1,600 kDa; between 300 kDa and 1,500 kDa; between 300 kDa and 1,400kDa; between 300 kDa and 1,300 kDa; between 300 kDa and 1,200 kDa;between 300 kDa and 1,100 kDa; between 300 kDa and 1,000 kDa; between300 kDa and 900 kDa; between 300 kDa and 800 kDa; between 300 kDa and700 kDa; between 300 kDa and 600 kDa; between 300 kDa and 500 kDa orbetween 300 kDa and 400 kDa. In further embodiments, the glycoconjugatefrom S. pneumoniae serotype 18C of the invention has a molecular weightof between 400 kDa and 2,000 kDa; between 400 kDa and 1,900 kDa; between400 kDa and 1,800 kDa; between 400 kDa and 1,700 kDa; between 400 kDaand 1,600 kDa; between 400 kDa and 1,500 kDa; between 400 kDa and 1,400kDa; between 400 kDa and 1,300 kDa; between 400 kDa and 1,200 kDa;between 400 kDa and 1,100 kDa; between 400 kDa and 1,000 kDa; between400 kDa and 900 kDa; between 400 kDa and 800 kDa; between 400 kDa and700 kDa; between 400 kDa and 600 kDa or between 400 kDa and 500 kDa. Infurther embodiments, the glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 18Cof the invention has a molecular weight of between 500 kDa and 2,000kDa; between 500 kDa and 1,900 kDa; between 500 kDa and 1,800 kDa;between 500 kDa and 1,700 kDa; between 500 kDa and 1,600 kDa; between500 kDa and 1,500 kDa; between 500 kDa and 1,400 kDa; between 500 kDaand 1,300 kDa; between 500 kDa and 1,200 kDa; between 500 kDa and 1,100kDa; between 500 kDa and 1,000 kDa; between 500 kDa and 900 kDa; between500 kDa and 800 kDa; between 500 kDa and 700 kDa or between 500 kDa and600 kDa.

The molecular weight of the glycoconjugate is measured by SEC-MALLS. Anywhole number integer within any of the above ranges is contemplated asan embodiment of the disclosure.

Another way to characterize the glycoconjugates of the invention is bythe number of lysine residues in the carrier protein (e.g., CRM₁₉₇) thatbecome conjugated to the saccharide which can be characterized as arange of conjugated lysines (degree of conjugation). The evidence forlysine modification of the carrier protein, due to covalent linkages tothe polysaccharides, can be obtained by amino acid analysis usingroutine methods known to those of skill in the art. Conjugation resultsin a reduction in the number of lysine residues recovered, compared tothe carrier protein starting material used to generate the conjugatematerials. In a preferred embodiment, the degree of conjugation of theglycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 18C of the invention isbetween 2 and 15, between 2 and 13, between 2 and 10, between 2 and 8,between 2 and 6, between 2 and 5, between 2 and 4, between 3 and 15,between 3 and 13, between 3 and 10, between 3 and 8, between 3 and 6,between 3 and 5, between 3 and 4, between 5 and 15, between 5 and 10,between 8 and 15, between 8 and 12, between 10 and 15 or between 10 and12. In an embodiment, the degree of conjugation of the glycoconjugatefrom S. pneumoniae serotype 18C of the invention is about 2, about 3,about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about11, about 12, about 13, about 14 or about 15. In a preferred embodiment,the degree of conjugation of the glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniaeserotype 18C of the invention is between 4 and 7. In some suchembodiments, the carrier protein is CRM₁₉₇.

The glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 18C of the invention mayalso be characterized by the ratio (weight/weight) of saccharide tocarrier protein. In some embodiments, the ratio of polysaccharide tocarrier protein in the glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 18C ofthe invention (w/w) is between 0.5 and 3 (e.g., about 0.5, about 0.6,about 0.7, about 0.8, about 0.9, about 1.0, about 1.1, about 1.2, about1.3, about 1.4, about 1.5, about 1.6, about 1.7, about 1.8, about 1.9,about 2.0, about 2.1, about 2.2, about 2.3, about 2.4, about 2.5, about2.6, about 2.7, about 2.8, about 2.9, or about 3.0). In otherembodiments, the saccharide to carrier protein ratio (w/w) is between0.5 and 2.0, between 0.5 and 1.5, between 0.8 and 1.2, between 0.5 and1.0, between 1.0 and 1.5 or between 1.0 and 2.0. In further embodiments,the saccharide to carrier protein ratio (w/w) is between 0.8 and 1.2. Ina preferred embodiment, the ratio of capsular polysaccharide to carrierprotein in the conjugate is between 0.9 and 1.1. In some suchembodiments, the carrier protein is CRM₁₉₇.

In a preferred embodiment, the glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniaeserotype 18C of the invention comprises less than about 50%, 45%, 40%,35%, 30%, 25%, 20% or 15% of free polysaccharide compared to the totalamount of polysaccharide. In a preferred embodiment the glycoconjugatecomprises less than about 25% of free polysaccharide compared to thetotal amount of polysaccharide. In a preferred embodiment theglycoconjugate comprises less than about 20% of free polysaccharidecompared to the total amount of polysaccharide. In a preferredembodiment the glycoconjugate comprises less than about 15% of freepolysaccharide compared to the total amount of polysaccharide.

The glycoconjugates may also be characterized by their molecular sizedistribution (K_(d)). Size exclusion chromatography media (CL-4B) can beused to determine the relative molecular size distribution of theconjugate. Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) is used in gravity fedcolumns to profile the molecular size distribution of conjugates. Largemolecules excluded from the pores in the media elute more quickly thansmall molecules. Fraction collectors are used to collect the columneluate. The fractions are tested colorimetrically by saccharide assay.For the determination of K_(d), columns are calibrated to establish thefraction at which molecules are fully excluded (V₀), (K_(d)=0), and thefraction representing the maximum retention (V_(i)), (K_(d)=1). Thefraction at which a specified sample attribute is reached (V_(e)), isrelated to K_(d) by the expression, K_(d)=(V_(e)−V₀)/(V_(i)−V₀).

In a preferred embodiment, at least 30% of the glycoconjugate from S.pneumoniae serotype 18C of the invention has a K_(d) below or equal to0.3 in a CL-4B column. In a preferred embodiment, at least 40% of theglycoconjugate has a K_(d) below or equal to 0.3 in a CL-4B column. In apreferred embodiment, at least 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%,or 85% of the glycoconjugate has a K_(d) below or equal to 0.3 in aCL-4B column. In a preferred embodiment, at least 60% of theglycoconjugate has a K_(d) below or equal to 0.3 in a CL-4B column. In apreferred embodiment, between 50% and 80% of the glycoconjugate has aK_(d) below or equal to 0.3 in a CL-4B column. In a preferredembodiment, between 65% and 80% of the glycoconjugate has a K_(d) belowor equal to 0.3 in a CL-4B column.

The frequency of attachment of the saccharide chain to a lysine on thecarrier protein is another parameter for characterizing theglycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 18C of the invention. Forexample, in some embodiments, at least one covalent linkage between thecarrier protein and the polysaccharide occurs for every 4 sacchariderepeat units of the polysaccharide. In another embodiment, the covalentlinkage between the carrier protein and the polysaccharide occurs atleast once in every 10 saccharide repeat units of the polysaccharide. Inanother embodiment, the covalent linkage between the carrier protein andthe polysaccharide occurs at least once in every 15 saccharide repeatunits of the polysaccharide. In a further embodiment, the covalentlinkage between the carrier protein and the polysaccharide occurs atleast once in every 25 saccharide repeat units of the polysaccharide.

In other embodiments, the conjugate comprises at least one covalentlinkage between the carrier protein and saccharide for every 5 to 10saccharide repeat units; every 2 to 7 saccharide repeat units; every 3to 8 saccharide repeat units; every 4 to 9 saccharide repeat units;every 6 to 11 saccharide repeat units; every 7 to 12 saccharide repeatunits; every 8 to 13 saccharide repeat units; every 9 to 14 sacchariderepeat units; every 10 to 15 saccharide repeat units; every 2 to 6saccharide repeat units, every 3 to 7 saccharide repeat units; every 4to 8 saccharide repeat units; every 6 to 10 saccharide repeat units;every 7 to 11 saccharide repeat units; every 8 to 12 saccharide repeatunits; every 9 to 13 saccharide repeat units; every 10 to 14 sacchariderepeat units; every 10 to 20 saccharide repeat units; every 4 to 25saccharide repeat units or every 2 to 25 saccharide repeat units. Infrequent embodiments, the carrier protein is CRM₁₉₇.

In another embodiment, at least one linkage between carrier protein andsaccharide occurs for every 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25 saccharide repeat units ofthe polysaccharide. In an embodiment, the carrier protein is CRM₁₉₇. Anywhole number integer within any of the above ranges is contemplated asan embodiment of the disclosure.

1.4 Combination of Glycoconjugates of the Invention

In an embodiment the immunogenic composition of the invention comprisesany of the glycoconjugates disclosed herein.

1.4.1 Combinations of Glycoconjugates

In an embodiment the immunogenic composition of the invention comprisesat least one glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 18C.

In an embodiment the immunogenic composition of the invention comprisesat least one glycoconjugate of each of the two following S. pneumoniaeserotypes: 18C and 4, 18C and 6B, 18C and 14, 18C and 9V, 18C and 19F or18C and 23F.

In an embodiment the immunogenic composition of the invention comprisesat least one glycoconjugate of each of the seven following S. pneumoniaeserotypes: 18C, 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 19F and 23F.

In an embodiment the immunogenic composition of the invention comprisesat least one glycoconjugate of each of the eight following S. pneumoniaeserotypes: 1, 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F; 4, 5, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C,19F, and 23F; 4, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F.

In an embodiment the immunogenic composition of the invention comprisesat least one glycoconjugate of each of the ten following S. pneumoniaeserotypes: 1, 5, 4, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F and 23F.

In an embodiment the immunogenic composition of the invention comprisesat least one glycoconjugate of each of the eleven following S.pneumoniae serotypes: 1, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F; 1,4, 5, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, and 23F.

In an embodiment the immunogenic composition of the invention comprisesat least one glycoconjugate of each of the twelve following S.pneumoniae serotypes: 1, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, and23F.

In an embodiment the immunogenic composition of the invention comprisesat least one glycoconjugate of each of the thirteen following S.pneumoniae serotypes: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, and23F.

1.4.2 Additional Combinations of Glycoconjugates

In an embodiment any of the immunogenic composition defined at 1.4.1above comprises in addition at least one glycoconjugate of S. pneumoniaeserotype 15B.

In an embodiment any of the immunogenic composition defined at 1.4.1above comprises in addition at least one glycoconjugate of S. pneumoniaeserotype 22F.

In an embodiment any of the immunogenic composition defined at 1.4.1above comprises in addition at least one glycoconjugate of S. pneumoniaeserotype 33F.

In an embodiment any of the immunogenic composition defined at 1.4.1above comprises in addition at least one glycoconjugate of S. pneumoniaeserotype 8.

In an embodiment any of the immunogenic composition defined at 1.4.1above comprises in addition at least one glycoconjugate of S. pneumoniaeserotype 10A.

In an embodiment any of the immunogenic composition defined at 1.4.1above comprises in addition at least one glycoconjugate of S. pneumoniaeserotype 11A.

In an embodiment any of the immunogenic composition defined at 1.4.1above comprises in addition at least one glycoconjugate of S. pneumoniaeserotype 12F.

In an embodiment any of the immunogenic composition defined at 1.4.1above comprises in addition at least one glycoconjugate of each of thetwo following S. pneumoniae serotypes:

15B and 22F,

15B and 33F,

15B and 12F,

15B and 10A,

15B and 11A,

15B and 8,

22F and 33F,

22F and 12F,

22F and 10A,

22F and 11A,

22F and 8,

33F and 12F,

33F and 10A,

33F and 11A,

33F and 8,

12F and 10A,

12F and 11A,

12F and 8,

10A and 11A,

10A and 8, or

11A and 8.

In an embodiment any of the immunogenic composition defined at 1.4.1above comprises in addition at least one glycoconjugate of each of thethree following S. pneumoniae serotypes:

15B and 22F and 33F,

15B and 22F and 12F,

15B and 22F and 10A,

15B and 22F and 11A,

15B and 22F and 8,

15B and 33F and 12F,

15B and 33F and 10A,

15B and 33F and 11A,

15B and 33F and 8,

15B and 12F and 10A,

15B and 12F and 11A,

15B and 12F and 8,

15B and 10A and 11A,

15B and 10A and 8,

15B and 11A and 8,

22F and 33F and 12F,

22F and 33F and 10A,

22F and 33F and 11A,

22F and 33F and 8,

22F and 12F and 10A,

22F and 12F and 11A,

22F and 12F and 8,

22F and 10A and 11A,

22F and 10A and 8,

22F and 11A and 8,

33F and 12F and 10A,

33F and 12F and 11A,

33F and 12F and 8,

33F and 10A and 11A,

33F and 10A and 8,

33F and 11A and 8,

12F and 10A and 11A,

12F and 10A and 8,

12F and 11A and 8, or

10A and 11A and 8.

In an embodiment any of the immunogenic composition defined at 1.4.1above comprises in addition at least one glycoconjugate of each of thefour following S. pneumoniae serotypes:

15B and 22F and 33F and 12F,

15B and 22F and 33F and 10A,

15B and 22F and 33F and 11A,

15B and 22F and 33F and 8,

15B and 22F and 12F and 10A,

15B and 22F and 12F and 11A,

15B and 22F and 12F and 8,

15B and 22F and 10A and 11A,

15B and 22F and 10A and 8,

15B and 22F and 11A and 8,

15B and 33F and 12F and 10A,

15B and 33F and 12F and 11A,

15B and 33F and 12F and 8,

15B and 33F and 10A and 11A,

15B and 33F and 10A and 8,

15B and 33F and 11A and 8,

15B and 12F and 10A and 11A,

15B and 12F and 10A and 8,

15B and 12F and 11A and 8,

15B and 10A and 11A and 8,

22F and 33F and 12F and 10A,

22F and 33F and 12F and 11A,

22F and 33F and 12F and 8,

22F and 33F and 10A and 11A,

22F and 33F and 10A and 8,

22F and 33F and 11A and 8,

22F and 12F and 10A and 11A,

22F and 12F and 10A and 8,

22F and 12F and 11A and 8,

22F and 10A and 11A and 8,

33F and 12F and 10A and 11A,

33F and 12F and 10A and 8,

33F and 12F and 11A and 8,

33F and 10A and 11A and 8 or

12F and 10A and 11A and 8.

In an embodiment any of the immunogenic composition defined at 1.4.1above comprises in addition at least one glycoconjugate of each of thefive following S. pneumoniae serotypes:

15B and 22F and 33F and 12F and 10A,

15B and 22F and 33F and 12F and 11A,

15B and 22F and 33F and 12F and 8,

15B and 22F and 33F and 10A and 11A,

15B and 22F and 33F and 10A and 8,

15B and 22F and 33F and 11A and 8,

15B and 22F and 12F and 10A and 11A,

15B and 22F and 12F and 10A and 8,

15B and 22F and 12F and 11A and 8,

15B and 22F and 10A and 11A and 8,

15B and 33F and 12F and 10A and 11A,

15B and 33F and 12F and 10A and 8,

15B and 33F and 12F and 11A and 8,

15B and 33F and 10A and 11A and 8,

15B and 12F and 10A and 11A and 8,

22F and 33F and 12F and 10A and 11A,

22F and 33F and 12F and 10A and 8,

22F and 33F and 12F and 11A and 8,

22F and 33F and 10A and 11A and 8,

22F and 12F and 10A and 11A and 8 or

33F and 12F and 10A and 11A and 8.

In an embodiment any of the immunogenic composition defined at 1.4.1above comprises in addition at least one glycoconjugate of each of thesix following S. pneumoniae serotypes:

15B and 22F and 33F and 12F and 10A and 11A,

15B and 22F and 33F and 12F and 10A and 8,

15B and 22F and 33F and 12F and 11A and 8,

15B and 22F and 33F and 10A and 11A and 8,

15B and 22F and 12F and 10A and 11A and 8,

15B and 33F and 12F and 10A and 11A and 8 or

22F and 33F and 12F and 10A and 11A and 8.

In an embodiment any of the immunogenic composition defined at 1.4.1above comprises in addition at least one glycoconjugate of each of theseven following S. pneumoniae serotypes: 15B and 22F and 33F and 12F and10A and 11A and 8.

In an embodiment any of the immunogenic composition above comprises inaddition glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotype 2.

In an embodiment any of the immunogenic composition above comprises inaddition glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotype 17F.

In an embodiment any of the immunogenic composition above comprises inaddition glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotype 20.

In an embodiment any of the immunogenic composition above comprises inaddition glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotype 15C.

Preferably, all the glycoconjugates of the above immunogenic compositionare individually conjugated to the carrier protein.

In an embodiment of any of the above immunogenic composition, theglycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotype 18C is conjugated to CRM₁₉₇.In an embodiment of any of the above immunogenic compositions, theglycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotype 22F is conjugated to CRM₁₉₇.In an embodiment of any of the above immunogenic composition, theglycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotype 33F is conjugated to CRM₁₉₇.In an embodiment of any of the above immunogenic composition, theglycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotype 15B is conjugated to CRM₁₉₇.In an embodiment of any of the above immunogenic composition, theglycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotype 12F is conjugated to CRM₁₉₇.In an embodiment of any of the above immunogenic composition, theglycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotype 10A is conjugated to CRM₁₉₇.In an embodiment of any of the above immunogenic composition, theglycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotype 11A is conjugated to CRM₁₉₇.In an embodiment of any of the above immunogenic composition, theglycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotype 8 is conjugated to CRM₁₉₇.In an embodiment of any of the above immunogenic composition, theglycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 19F and 23Fare conjugated to CRM₁₉₇. In an embodiment of any of the aboveimmunogenic composition, the glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniaeserotypes 1, 5 and 7F are conjugated to CRM₁₉₇. In an embodiment of anyof the above immunogenic composition, the glycoconjugates from S.pneumoniae serotypes 6A and 19A are conjugated to CRM₁₉₇. In anembodiment of any of the above immunogenic composition, theglycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotype 3 is conjugated to CRM₁₉₇.In an embodiment of any of the above immunogenic compositions, theglycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotype 2 is conjugated to CRM₁₉₇.In an embodiment of any of the above immunogenic compositions, theglycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotype 17F is conjugated to CRM₁₉₇.In an embodiment of any of the above immunogenic compositions, theglycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotype 20 is conjugated to CRM₁₉₇.In an embodiment of any of the above immunogenic compositions, theglycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotype 15C is conjugated to CRM₁₉₇.

In an embodiment, the glycoconjugates of the above immunogeniccompositions are all individually conjugated to CRM₁₉₇.

In an embodiment, the glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 18C ofany of the above immunogenic composition is individually conjugated toTT.

In an embodiment, the glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotypes 1, 4,5, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14 and/or 23F of any of the above immunogeniccompositions are individually conjugated to PD.

In an embodiment, the glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 19F ofany of the above immunogenic compositions is conjugated to DT.

In an embodiment, the glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotypes 1, 4,5, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14 and/or 23F of any of the above immunogeniccompositions are individually conjugated to PD, the glycoconjugate fromS. pneumoniae serotype 18C is conjugated to TT and the glycoconjugatefrom S. pneumoniae serotype 19F is conjugated to DT.

In an embodiment the above immunogenic composition comprises from 7 to25 different serotypes of S. pneumoniae. In one embodiment the aboveimmunogenic composition comprises glycoconjugates from 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25 differentserotypes.

In an embodiment the above immunogenic composition comprises from 7 to20 different serotypes of S. pneumoniae. In one embodiment the aboveimmunogenic composition comprises glycoconjugates from 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 different serotypes. In oneembodiment the above immunogenic composition comprises glycoconjugatesfrom 16 or 20 different serotypes.

In an embodiment the above immunogenic composition is a 8, 9, 10, 11,12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20-valent pneumococcal conjugatecomposition. In an embodiment the above immunogenic composition is a 14,15, 16, 17, 18 or 19 valent pneumococcal conjugate composition. In anembodiment the above immunogenic composition is a 16-valent pneumococcalconjugate composition. In an embodiment the above immunogeniccomposition is a 19-valent pneumococcal conjugate composition. In anembodiment the above immunogenic composition is a 20-valent pneumococcalconjugate composition.

In an embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention comprisesglycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V,14, 15B, 18C, 19A, 19F, 22F, 23F and 33F.

In an embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention comprisesglycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotypes 1, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V,14, 15B, 18C, 19A, 19F, 22F, 23F and 33F.

In an embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention comprisesconjugated S. pneumoniae saccharides from serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B,7F, 8, 9V, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14, 15B, 18C, 19A, 19F, 22F, 23F and 33F.

In an embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention comprisesconjugated S. pneumoniae saccharides from serotypes 1, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F,8, 9V, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14, 15B, 18C, 19A, 19F, 22F, 23F and 33F.

In an embodiment, the glycoconjugates of the immunogenic composition ofthe invention consists of glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotypes1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 15B, 18C, 19A, 19F, 22F, 23F and 33F. Inan embodiment, the glycoconjugates of the immunogenic composition of theinvention consists of glycoconjugates from serotypes 1, 4, 5, 6A, 6B,7F, 9V, 14, 15B, 18C, 19A, 19F, 22F, 23F and 33F. In an embodiment, theglycoconjugates of the immunogenic composition of the invention consistsof glycoconjugates from serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 8, 9V, 10A,11A, 12F, 14, 15B, 18C, 19A, 19F, 22F, 23F and 33F. In an embodiment,the glycoconjugates of the immunogenic composition of the inventionconsists of glycoconjugates from 1, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 8, 9V, 10A, 11A,12F, 14, 15B, 18C, 19A, 19F, 22F, 23F and 33F.

Preferably, all the glycoconjugates of the immunogenic composition ofthe invention are individually conjugated to the carrier protein. In anembodiment, the glycoconjugates of the immunogenic composition above areindividually conjugated to CRM₁₉₇.

1.4.3 Further Combinations of Glycoconjugates

In an embodiment any of the immunogenic compositions defined at 1.4.1 or1.4.2 above do not comprise capsular saccharide from S. pneumoniaeserotype 18F.

In an embodiment any of the immunogenic compositions defined at 1.4.1 or1.4.2 above do not comprise capsular saccharide from S. pneumoniaeserotype 18A.

In an embodiment any of the immunogenic compositions defined at 1.4.1 or1.4.2 above do not comprise capsular saccharide from S. pneumoniaeserotype 18B.

In an embodiment any of the immunogenic compositions defined at 1.4.1 or1.4.2 above do not comprise capsular saccharide from S. pneumoniaeserotypes 18F and 18A.

In an embodiment any of the immunogenic compositions defined at 1.4.1 or1.4.2 above do not comprise capsular saccharide from S. pneumoniaeserotypes 18F and 18B.

In an embodiment any of the immunogenic compositions defined at 1.4.1 or1.4.2 above do not comprise capsular saccharide from S. pneumoniaeserotypes 18A and 18B.

In an embodiment any of the immunogenic compositions defined at 1.4.1 or1.4.2 above do not comprise capsular saccharide from S. pneumoniaeserotypes 18F, 18A and 18B.

2 Dosage of the Immunogenic Compositions 2.1 Polysaccharide Amount

The amount of glycoconjugate(s) in each dose is selected as an amountwhich induces an immunoprotective response without significant, adverseside effects in typical vaccinees. Such amount will vary depending uponwhich specific immunogen is employed and how it is presented.

The amount of a particular glycoconjugate in an immunogenic compositioncan be calculated based on total polysaccharide for that conjugate(conjugated and non-conjugated). For example, a glycoconjugate with 20%free polysaccharide will have about 80 μg of conjugated polysaccharideand about 20 μg of non-conjugated polysaccharide in a 100 μgpolysaccharide dose. The amount of glycoconjugate can vary dependingupon the streptococcal serotype. The saccharide concentration can bedetermined by the uronic acid assay.

The “immunogenic amount” of the different polysaccharide components inthe immunogenic composition, may diverge and each may comprise about 1.0μg, about 2.0 μg, about 3.0 μg, about 4.0 μg, about 5.0 μg, about 6.0μg, about 7.0 μg, about 8.0 μg, about 9.0 μg, about 10.0 μg, about 15.0μg, about 20.0 μg, about 30.0 μg, about 40.0 μg, about 50.0 μg, about60.0 μg, about 70.0 μg, about 80.0 μg, about 90.0 μg, or about 100.0 μgof any particular polysaccharide antigen.

Generally, each dose will comprise 0.1 μg to 100 μg of polysaccharidefor a given serotype, particularly 0.5 μg to 20 μg, more particularly 1μg to 10 μg, and even more particularly 2 μg to 5 μg. Any whole numberinteger within any of the above ranges is contemplated as an embodimentof the disclosure.

In an embodiment, each dose will comprise 1 μg, 2 μg, 3 μg, 4 μg, 5 μg,6 μg, 7 μg, 8 μg, 9 μg, 10 μg, 15 μg or 20 μg of polysaccharide for agiven serotype.

2.2 Carrier Amount

Generally, each dose will comprise 5 μg to 150 μg of carrier protein,particularly 10 μg to 100 μg of carrier protein, more particularly 15 μgto 100 μg of carrier protein, more particularly 25 to 75 μg of carrierprotein, more particularly 30 μg to 70 μg of carrier protein, moreparticularly 30 to 60 μg of carrier protein, more particularly 30 μg to50 μg of carrier protein and even more particularly 40 to 60 μg ofcarrier protein. In an embodiment, said carrier protein is CRM₁₉₇.

In an embodiment, each dose will comprise about 25 μg, about 26 μg,about 27 μg, about 28 μg, about 29 μg, about 30 μg, about 31 μg, about32 μg, about 33 μg, about 34 μg, about 35 μg, about 36 μg, about 37 μg,about 38 μg, about 39 μg, about 40 μg, about 41 μg, about 42 μg, about43 μg, about 44 μg, about 45 μg, about 46 μg, about 47 μg, about 48 μg,about 49 μg, about 50 μg, about 51 μg, about 52 μg, about 53 μg, about54 μg, about 55 μg, about 56 μg, about 57 μg, about 58 μg, about 59 μg,about 60 μg, about 61 μg, about 62 μg, about 63 μg, about 64 μg, about65 μg, about 66 μg, about 67 μg, 68 μg, about 69 μg, about 70 μg, about71 μg, about 72 μg, about 73 μg, about 74 μg or about 75 μg of carrierprotein. In an embodiment, said carrier protein is CRM₁₉₇.

3 Further Antigens

Immunogenic compositions of the invention comprise conjugated S.pneumoniae saccharide antigens (glycoconjugates). They may also furtherinclude antigens from other pathogens, particularly from bacteria and/orviruses. Preferred further antigens are selected from: a diphtheriatoxoid (D), a tetanus toxoid (T), a pertussis antigen (P), which istypically acellular (Pa), a hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen(HBsAg), a hepatitis A virus (HAV) antigen, a conjugated Haemophilusinfluenzae type b capsular saccharide (Hib), inactivated poliovirusvaccine (IPV).

In an embodiment, the immunogenic compositions of the invention compriseD-T-Pa. In an embodiment, the immunogenic compositions of the inventioncomprise D-T-Pa-Hib, D-T-Pa-IPV or D-T-Pa-HBsAg. In an embodiment, theimmunogenic compositions of the invention comprise D-T-Pa-HBsAg-IPV orD-T-Pa-HBsAg-Hib. In an embodiment, the immunogenic compositions of theinvention comprise D-T-Pa-HBsAg-IPV-Hib.

Pertussis antigens: Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough.Pertussis antigens in vaccines are either cellular (whole cell, in theform of inactivated B. pertussis cells) or acellular. Preparation ofcellular pertussis antigens is well documented (e.g., it may be obtainedby heat inactivation of phase I culture of B. pertussis). Preferably,however, the invention uses acellular antigens. Where acellular antigensare used, it is preferred to use one, two or (preferably) three of thefollowing antigens: (1) detoxified pertussis toxin (pertussis toxoid, orPT); (2) filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA); (3) pertactin (also known asthe 69 kiloDalton outer membrane protein). FHA and pertactin may betreated with formaldehyde prior to use according to the invention. PT ispreferably detoxified by treatment with formaldehyde and/orglutaraldehyde. Acellular pertussis antigens are preferably adsorbedonto one or more aluminum salt adjuvants. As an alternative, they may beadded in an unadsorbed state. Where pertactin is added then it ispreferably already adsorbed onto an aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. PT andFHA may be adsorbed onto an aluminum hydroxide adjuvant or an aluminumphosphate. Adsorption of all of PT, FHA and pertactin to aluminumhydroxide is most preferred.

Inactivated poliovirus vaccine: Poliovirus causes poliomyelitis. Ratherthan use oral poliovirus vaccine, preferred embodiments of the inventionuse IPV. Prior to administration to patients, polioviruses must beinactivated, and this can be achieved by treatment with formaldehyde.Poliomyelitis can be caused by one of three types of poliovirus. Thethree types are similar and cause identical symptoms, but they areantigenically different and infection by one type does not protectagainst infection by others. It is therefore preferred to use threepoliovirus antigens in the invention: poliovirus Type 1 (e.g., Mahoneystrain), poliovirus Type 2 (e.g., MEF-1 strain), and poliovirus Type 3(e.g., Saukett strain). The viruses are preferably grown, purified andinactivated individually, and are then combined to give a bulk trivalentmixture for use with the invention.

Diphtheria toxoid: Corynebacterium diphtheriae causes diphtheria.Diphtheria toxin can be treated (e.g., using formalin or formaldehyde)to remove toxicity while retaining the ability to induce specificanti-toxin antibodies after injection. These diphtheria toxoids are usedin diphtheria vaccines. Preferred diphtheria toxoids are those preparedby formaldehyde treatment. The diphtheria toxoid can be obtained bygrowing C. diphtheriae in growth medium, followed by formaldehydetreatment, ultrafiltration and precipitation. The toxoided material maythen be treated by a process comprising sterile filtration and/ordialysis. The diphtheria toxoid is preferably adsorbed onto an aluminumhydroxide adjuvant.

Tetanus toxoid: Clostridium tetani causes tetanus. Tetanus toxin can betreated to give a protective toxoid. The toxoids are used in tetanusvaccines. Preferred tetanus toxoids are those prepared by formaldehydetreatment. The tetanus toxoid can be obtained by growing C. tetani ingrowth medium, followed by formaldehyde treatment, ultrafiltration andprecipitation. The material may then be treated by a process comprisingsterile filtration and/or dialysis.

Hepatitis A virus antigens: Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is one of the knownagents which causes viral hepatitis. A preferred HAV component is basedon inactivated virus, and inactivation can be achieved by formalintreatment.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the known agents which causes viralhepatitis. The major component of the capsid is a protein known as HBVsurface antigen or, more commonly, HBsAg, which is typically a 226-aminoacid polypeptide with a molecular weight of ˜24 kDa. All existinghepatitis B vaccines contain HBsAg, and when this antigen isadministered to a normal vaccinee it stimulates the production ofanti-HBsAg antibodies which protect against HBV infection.

For vaccine manufacture, HBsAg has been made in two ways: purificationof the antigen in particulate form from the plasma of chronic hepatitisB carriers or expression of the protein by recombinant DNA methods(e.g., recombinant expression in yeast cells). Unlike native HBsAg(i.e., as in the plasma-purified product), yeast-expressed HBsAg isgenerally non-glycosylated, and this is the most preferred form of HBsAgfor use with the invention.

Conjugated Haemophilus influenzae type b antigens: Haemophilusinfluenzae type b (Hib) causes bacterial meningitis. Hib vaccines aretypically based on the capsular saccharide antigen, the preparation ofwhich is well documented. The Hib saccharide can be conjugated to acarrier protein in order to enhance its immunogenicity, especially inchildren. Typical carrier proteins are tetanus toxoid, diphtheriatoxoid, CRM197, H. influenzae protein D, and an outer membrane proteincomplex from serogroup B meningococcus. The saccharide moiety of theconjugate may comprise full-length polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP) asprepared from Hib bacteria, and/or fragments of full-length PRP. Hibconjugates may or may not be adsorbed to an aluminum salt adjuvant.

In an embodiment the immunogenic compositions of the invention furtherinclude a conjugated N. meningitidis serogroup Y capsular saccharide(MenY), and/or a conjugated N. meningitidis serogroup C capsularsaccharide (MenC).

In an embodiment the immunogenic compositions of the invention furtherinclude a conjugated N. meningitidis serogroup A capsular saccharide(MenA), a conjugated N. meningitidis serogroup W135 capsular saccharide(MenW135), a conjugated N. meningitidis serogroup Y capsular saccharide(MenY), and/or a conjugated N. meningitidis serogroup C capsularsaccharide (MenC).

In an embodiment the immunogenic compositions of the invention furtherinclude a conjugated N. meningitidis serogroup W135 capsular saccharide(MenW135), a conjugated N. meningitidis serogroup Y capsular saccharide(MenY), and/or a conjugated N. meningitidis serogroup C capsularsaccharide (MenC).

4 Adjuvant(s)

In some embodiments, the immunogenic compositions disclosed herein mayfurther comprise at least one adjuvant (e.g., one, two or threeadjuvants). The term “adjuvant” refers to a compound or mixture thatenhances the immune response to an antigen.

Antigens may act primarily as a delivery system, primarily as an immunemodulator or have strong features of both. Suitable adjuvants includethose suitable for use in mammals, including humans.

Examples of known suitable delivery-system type adjuvants that can beused in humans include, but are not limited to, alum (e.g., aluminumphosphate, aluminum sulfate or aluminum hydroxide), calcium phosphate,liposomes, oil-in-water emulsions such as MF59 (4.3% w/v squalene, 0.5%w/v polysorbate 80 (Tween 80), 0.5% w/v sorbitan trioleate (Span 85)),water-in-oil emulsions such as Montanide, andpoly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) microparticles or nanoparticles.

In an embodiment, the immunogenic compositions disclosed herein comprisealuminum salts (alum) as adjuvant (e.g., aluminum phosphate, aluminumsulfate or aluminum hydroxide). In a preferred embodiment, theimmunogenic compositions disclosed herein comprise aluminum phosphate oraluminum hydroxide as adjuvant. In an embodiment, the immunogeniccompositions disclosed herein comprise from 0.1 mg/mL to 1 mg/mL or from0.2 mg/mL to 0.3 mg/ml of elemental aluminum in the form of aluminumphosphate. In an embodiment, the immunogenic compositions disclosedherein comprise about 0.25 mg/mL of elemental aluminum in the form ofaluminum phosphate. Examples of known suitable immune modulatory typeadjuvants that can be used in humans include, but are not limited to,saponin extracts from the bark of the Aquilla tree (QS21, Quil A), TLR4agonists such as MPL (Monophosphoryl Lipid A), 3DMPL (3-O-deacylatedMPL) or GLA-AQ, LT/CT mutants, cytokines such as the variousinterleukins (e.g., IL-2, IL-12) or GM-CSF, and the like.

Examples of known suitable immune modulatory type adjuvants with bothdelivery and immune modulatory features that can be used in humansinclude, but are not limited to ISCOMS (see, e.g., Sjölander et al.(1998) J. Leukocyte Biol. 64:713; WO 90/03184, WO 96/11711, WO 00/48630,WO 98/36772, WO 00/41720, WO 2006/134423 and WO 2007/026190) or GLA-EMwhich is a combination of a TLR4 agonist and an oil-in-water emulsion.

For veterinary applications including but not limited to animalexperimentation, one can use Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA), Freund'sIncomplete Adjuvant (IFA), Emulsigen,N-acetyl-muramyl-L-threonyl-D-isoglutamine (thr-MDP),N-acetyl-nor-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (CGP 11637, referred to asnor-MDP),N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl-L-alanine-2-(1′-2′-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-hydroxyphosphoryloxy)-ethylamine(CGP 19835A, referred to as MTP-PE), and RIBI, which contains threecomponents extracted from bacteria, monophosphoryl lipid A, trehalosedimycolate and cell wall skeleton (MPL+TDM+CWS) in a 2% squalene/Tween80 emulsion.

Further exemplary adjuvants to enhance effectiveness of the pneumococcalvaccines as disclosed herein include, but are not limited to: (1)oil-in-water emulsion formulations (with or without other specificimmunostimulating agents such as muramyl peptides (see below) orbacterial cell wall components), such as for example (a) SAF, containing10% Squalane, 0.4% Tween 80, 5% pluronic-blocked polymer L121, andthr-MDP either microfluidized into a submicron emulsion or vortexed togenerate a larger particle size emulsion, and (b) RIBI™ adjuvant system(RAS), (Ribi Immunochem, Hamilton, Mont.) containing 2% Squalene, 0.2%Tween 80, and one or more bacterial cell wall components such asmonophosphorylipid A (MPL), trehalose dimycolate (TDM), and cell wallskeleton (CWS), preferably MPL+CWS (DETOX™); (2) saponin adjuvants, suchas QS21, STIMULON™ (Cambridge Bioscience, Worcester, Mass.), Abisco®(Isconova, Sweden), or Iscomatrix® (Commonwealth Serum Laboratories,Australia), may be used or particles generated therefrom such as ISCOMs(immunostimulating complexes), which ISCOMS may be devoid of additionaldetergent (e.g., WO 00/07621); (3) Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) andIncomplete Freund's Adjuvant (IFA); (4) cytokines, such as interleukins(e.g., IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-12 (WO 99/44636)),interferons (e.g., gamma interferon), macrophage colony stimulatingfactor (M-CSF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), etc.; (5) monophosphoryllipid A (MPL) or 3-O-deacylated MPL (3dMPL) (see, e.g., GB-2220221,EP0689454), optionally in the substantial absence of alum when used withpneumococcal saccharides (see, e.g., WO 00/56358); (6) combinations of3dMPL with, for example, QS21 and/or oil-in-water emulsions (see, e.g.,EP0835318, EP0735898, EP0761231); (7) a polyoxyethylene ether or apolyoxyethylene ester (see, e.g., WO99/52549); (8) a polyoxyethylenesorbitan ester surfactant in combination with an octoxynol (WO 01/21207)or a polyoxyethylene alkyl ether or ester surfactant in combination withat least one additional non-ionic surfactant such as an octoxynol (WO01/21152); (9) a saponin and an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide (e.g.,a CpG oligonucleotide) (WO 00/62800); (10) an immunostimulant and aparticle of metal salt (see e.g., WO00/23105); (11) a saponin and anoil-in-water emulsion e.g., WO 99/11241; (12) a saponin (e.g.,QS21)+3dMPL+IM2 (optionally+a sterol) e.g., WO 98/57659; (13) othersubstances that act as immunostimulating agents to enhance the efficacyof the composition. Muramyl peptides includeN-acetyl-muramyl-L-threonyl-D-isoglutamine (thr-MDP), N-25acetyl-normuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (nor-MDP),N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutarninyl-L-alanine-2-(1′-2′-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-hydroxyphosphoryloxy)-ethylamine MTP-PE), etc.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the immunogenic compositionsas disclosed herein comprise a CpG Oligonucleotide as adjuvant. A CpGoligonucleotide as used herein refers to an immunostimulatory CpGoligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN), and accordingly these terms are usedinterchangeably unless otherwise indicated. Immunostimulatory CpGoligodeoxynucleotides contain one or more immunostimulatory CpG motifsthat are unmethylated cytosine-guanine dinucleotides, optionally withincertain preferred base contexts. The methylation status of the CpGimmunostimulatory motif generally refers to the cytosine residue in thedinucleotide. An immunostimulatory oligonucleotide containing at leastone unmethylated CpG dinucleotide is an oligonucleotide which contains a5′ unmethylated cytosine linked by a phosphate bond to a 3′ guanine, andwhich activates the immune system through binding to Toll-like receptor9 (TLR-9). In another embodiment the immunostimulatory oligonucleotidemay contain one or more methylated CpG dinucleotides, which willactivate the immune system through TLR9 but not as strongly as if theCpG motif(s) was/were unmethylated. CpG immunostimulatoryoligonucleotides may comprise one or more palindromes that in turn mayencompass the CpG dinucleotide. CpG oligonucleotides have been describedin a number of issued patents, published patent applications, and otherpublications, including U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,194,388; 6,207,646; 6,214,806;6,218,371; 6,239,116; and 6,339,068.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the immunogenic compositionsas disclosed herein comprise any of the CpG Oligonucleotide described atpages 3, lines 22, to page 12, line 36, of WO 2010/125480.

Different classes of CpG immunostimulatory oligonucleotides have beenidentified. These are referred to as A, B, C and P class, and aredescribed in greater detail at pages 3, lines 22, to page 12, line 36,of WO 2010/125480. Methods of the invention embrace the use of thesedifferent classes of CpG immunostimulatory oligonucleotides. In anembodiment of the present invention, the immunogenic compositions asdisclosed herein comprise an A class CpG oligonucleotide. In anembodiment of the present invention, the immunogenic compositions asdisclosed herein comprise a B class CpG Oligonucleotide.

The B class CpG oligonucleotide sequences of the invention are thosebroadly described above as well as disclosed in published WO 96/02555,WO 98/18810, and in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,194,388; 6,207,646; 6,214,806;6,218,371; 6,239,116; and 6,339,068. Exemplary sequences include but arenot limited to those disclosed in these latter applications and patents.

In an embodiment, the “B class” CpG oligonucleotide of the invention hasthe following nucleic acid sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 1) 5′ TCGTCGTTTTTCGGTGCTTTT 3′, or (SEQ ID NO: 2) 5′TCGTCGTTTTTCGGTCGTTTT 3′, or (SEQ ID NO: 3) 5′TCGTCGTTTTGTCGTTTTGTCGTT 3′, or (SEQ ID NO: 4) 5′TCGTCGTTTCGTCGTTTTGTCGTT 3′, or (SEQ ID NO: 5) 5′TCGTCGTTTTGTCGTTTTTTTCGA 3′.

In any of these sequences, all of the linkages may be allphosphorothioate bonds. In another embodiment, in any of thesesequences, one or more of the linkages may be phosphodiester, preferablybetween the “C” and the “G” of the CpG motif making a semi-soft CpGoligonucleotide. In any of these sequences, an ethyl-uridine or ahalogen may substitute for the 5′ T; examples of halogen substitutionsinclude but are not limited to bromo-uridine or iodo-uridinesubstitutions.

Some non-limiting examples of B-Class oligonucleotides include:

(SEQ ID NO: 6) 5′ T*C*G*T*C*G*T*T*T*T*T*C*G*G*T*G*C*T*T*T*T 3′, or(SEQ ID NO: 7) 5′ T*C*G*T*C*G*T*T*T*T*T*C*G*G*T*C*G*T*T*T*T 3′, or(SEQ ID NO: 8) 5′ T*C*G*T*C*G*T*T*T*T*G*T*C*G*T*T*T*T*G*T*C*G*T*T 3′, or(SEQ ID NO: 9) 5′ T*C*G*T*C*G*T*T*T*C*G*T*C*G*T*T*T*T*G*T*C*G*T*T 3′, or(SEQ ID NO: 10) 5′ T*C*G*T*C*G*T*T*T*T*G*T*C*G*T*T*T*T*T*T*T*C*G*A 3′.wherein “*” refers to a phosphorothioate bond.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the immunogenic compositionsas disclosed herein comprise a C class CpG oligonucleotide.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the immunogenic compositionsas disclosed herein comprise a P class CpG oligonucleotide.

In one embodiment the oligonucleotide includes at least onephosphorothioate linkage. In another embodiment all internucleotidelinkages of the oligonucleotide are phosphorothioate linkages. Inanother embodiment the oligonucleotide includes at least onephosphodiester-like linkage. In another embodiment thephosphodiester-like linkage is a phosphodiester linkage. In anotherembodiment a lipophilic group is conjugated to the oligonucleotide. Inone embodiment the lipophilic group is cholesterol.

In an embodiment, all the internucleotide linkage of the CpGoligonucleotides disclosed herein are phosphodiester bonds (“soft”oligonucleotides, as described in WO 2007/026190). In anotherembodiment, CpG oligonucleotides of the invention are rendered resistantto degradation (e.g., are stabilized). A “stabilized oligonucleotide ”refers to an oligonucleotide that is relatively resistant to in vivodegradation (e.g., via an exo- or endo-nuclease). Nucleic acidstabilization can be accomplished via backbone modifications.Oligonucleotides having phosphorothioate linkages provide maximalactivity and protect the oligonucleotide from degradation byintracellular exo- and endo-nucleases.

The immunostimulatory oligonucleotides may have a chimeric backbone,which have combinations of phosphodiester and phosphorothioate linkages.For purposes of the instant invention, a chimeric backbone refers to apartially stabilized backbone, wherein at least one internucleotidelinkage is phosphodiester or phosphodiester-like, and wherein at leastone other internucleotide linkage is a stabilized internucleotidelinkage, wherein the at least one phosphodiester or phosphodiester-likelinkage and the at least one stabilized linkage are different. When thephosphodiester linkage is preferentially located within the CpG motifsuch molecules are called “semi-soft” as described in WO 2007/026190.

Other modified oligonucleotides include combinations of phosphodiester,phosphorothioate, methylphosphonate, methylphosphorothioate,phosphorodithioate, and/or p-ethoxy linkages.

Mixed backbone modified ODN may be synthesized as described in WO2007/026190. The size of the CpG oligonucleotide (i.e., the number ofnucleotide residues along the length of the oligonucleotide) also maycontribute to the stimulatory activity of the oligonucleotide. Forfacilitating uptake into cells, CpG oligonucleotide of the inventionpreferably have a minimum length of 6 nucleotide residues.Oligonucleotides of any size greater than 6 nucleotides (even many kblong) are capable of inducing an immune response if sufficientimmunostimulatory motifs are present, because larger oligonucleotidesare degraded inside cells. In certain embodiments, the CpGoligonucleotides are 6 to 100 nucleotides long, preferentially 8 to 30nucleotides long. In important embodiments, nucleic acids andoligonucleotides of the invention are not plasmids or expressionvectors.

In an embodiment, the CpG oligonucleotide disclosed herein comprisesubstitutions or modifications, such as in the bases and/or sugars asdescribed at paragraphs 134 to 147 of WO 2007/026190.

In an embodiment, the CpG oligonucleotide of the present invention ischemically modified. Examples of chemical modifications are known to theskilled person and are described, for example in Uhlmann et al. (1990)Chem. Rev. 90:543; S. Agrawal, Ed., Humana Press, Totowa, USA 1993;Crooke. et al. (1996) Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 36:107-129; andHunziker et al., (1995) Mod. Synth. Methods 7:331-417. Anoligonucleotide according to the invention may have one or moremodifications, wherein each modification is located at a particularphosphodiester internucleoside bridge and/or at a particular β-D-riboseunit and/or at a particular natural nucleoside base position incomparison to an oligonucleotide of the same sequence which is composedof natural DNA or RNA.

In some embodiments of the invention, CpG-containing nucleic acids mightbe simply mixed with immunogenic carriers according to methods known tothose skilled in the art (see, e.g., WO 03/024480).

In a particular embodiment of the present invention, any of theimmunogenic composition disclosed herein comprises from 2 μg to 100 mgof CpG oligonucleotide, preferably from 0.1 mg to 50 mg CpGoligonucleotide, preferably from 0.2 mg to 10 mg CpG oligonucleotide,preferably from 0.3 mg to 5 mg CpG oligonucleotide, preferably from 0.3mg to 5 mg CpG oligonucleotide, even preferably from 0.5 mg to 2 mg CpGoligonucleotide, even preferably from 0.75 mg to 1.5 mg CpGoligonucleotide. In a preferred embodiement, any of the immunogeniccomposition disclosed herein comprises about 1 mg CpG oligonucleotide.

5 Formulation

The immunogenic compositions of the invention may be formulated inliquid form (i.e., solutions or suspensions) or in a lyophilized form.Liquid formulations may advantageously be administered directly fromtheir packaged form and are thus ideal for injection without the needfor reconstitution in aqueous medium as otherwise required forlyophilized compositions of the invention.

Formulation of the immunogenic composition of the present invention canbe accomplished using art-recognized methods. For instance, theindividual pneumococcal conjugates can be formulated with aphysiologically acceptable vehicle to prepare the composition. Examplesof such vehicles include, but are not limited to, water, bufferedsaline, polyols (e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol, liquid polyethyleneglycol) and dextrose solutions.

The present disclosure provides an immunogenic composition comprisingany of combination of glycoconjugates disclosed herein and apharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier, or diluent.

In an embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention is inliquid form, preferably in aqueous liquid form.

Immunogenic compositions of the disclosure may comprise one or more of abuffer, a salt, a divalent cation, a non-ionic detergent, acryoprotectant such as a sugar, and an anti-oxidant such as a freeradical scavenger or chelating agent, or any multiple combinationsthereof.

In an embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention comprisesa buffer. In an embodiment, said buffer has a pKa of about 3.5 to about7.5. In some embodiments, the buffer is phosphate, succinate, histidineor citrate. In certain embodiments, the buffer is succinate at a finalconcentration of 1 mM to 10 mM. In one particular embodiment, the finalconcentration of the succinate buffer is about 5 mM.

In an embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention comprisesa salt. In some embodiments, the salt is selected from the groupsconsisting of magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium chlorideand a combination thereof. In one particular embodiment, the salt issodium chloride. In one particular embodiment, the immunogeniccomposition of the invention comprises sodium chloride at 150 mM.

In an embodiment, the immunogenic compositions of the invention comprisea surfactant. In an embodiment, the surfactant is selected from thegroup consisting of polysorbate 20 (TWEEN™ 20), polysorbate 40 (TWEEN™40), polysorbate 60 (TWEEN™ 60), polysorbate 65 (TWEEN™ 65), polysorbate80 (TWEEN™ 80), polysorbate 85 (TWEEN™ 85), TRITON™ N-1 01, TRITON™X-100, oxtoxynol 40, nonoxynol-9, triethanolamine, triethanolaminepolypeptide oleate, polyoxyethylene-660 hydroxystearate (PEG-15, SolutolH 15), polyoxyethylene-35-ricinoleate (CREMOPHOR® EL), soy lecithin anda poloxamer. In one particular embodiment, the surfactant is polysorbate80. In some said embodiment, the final concentration of polysorbate 80in the formulation is at least 0.0001% to 10% polysorbate 80 weight toweight (w/w). In some said embodiments, the final concentration ofpolysorbate 80 in the formulation is at least 0.001% to 1% polysorbate80 weight to weight (w/w). In some said embodiments, the finalconcentration of polysorbate 80 in the formulation is at least 0.01% to1% polysorbate 80 weight to weight (w/w). In other embodiments, thefinal concentration of polysorbate 80 in the formulation is 0.01%,0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09% or 0.1%polysorbate 80 (w/w). In another embodiment, the final concentration ofthe polysorbate 80 in the formulation is 1% polysorbate 80 (w/w).

In certain embodiments, the immunogenic composition of the invention hasa pH of 5.5 to 7.5, more preferably a pH of 5.6 to 7.0, even morepreferably a pH of 5.8 to 6.0. In one embodiment, the present inventionprovides a container filled with any of the immunogenic compositionsdisclosed herein. In one embodiment, the container is selected from thegroup consisting of a vial, a syringe, a flask, a fermentor, abioreactor, a bag, a jar, an ampoule, a cartridge and a disposable pen.In certain embodiments, the container is siliconized.

In an embodiment, the container of the present invention is made ofglass, metals (e.g., steel, stainless steel, aluminum, etc.) and/orpolymers (e.g., thermoplastics, elastomers, thermoplastic-elastomers).In an embodiment, the container of the present invention is made ofglass.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a syringe filled withany of the immunogenic compositions disclosed herein. In certainembodiments, the syringe is siliconized and/or is made of glass.

A typical dose of the immunogenic composition of the invention forinjection has a volume of 0.1 mL to 2 mL, more preferable 0.2 mL to 1mL, even more preferably a volume of about 0.5 mL.

Therfore the container or syringe as defined above is filed with avolume of 0.1 mL to 2 mL, more preferably 0.2 mL to 1 mL, even morepreferably a volume of about 0.5 mL of any of the immunogeniccomposition defined herein.

6 Ability of the Immunogenic Compositions of the Invention to ElicitCross-Reactive Antibodies

In an embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention is ableto elicit IgG antibodies in human which are capable of binding S.pneumoniae serotypes 18A, 18B and/or 18F polysaccharide as determined byELISA assay.

In the ELISA (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay) method, antibodies fromthe sera of vaccinated subjects are incubated with polysaccharides whichhave been adsorbed to a solid support. The bound antibodies are detectedusing enzyme-conjugated secondary detection antibodies.

In an embodiment said ELISA assay is the standardized ELISA assay asdefined by the WHO in the “Training Manual For Enzyme LinkedImmunosorbent Assay For The Quantitation Of Streptococcus pneumoniaeSerotype Specific IgG (Pn PS ELISA).” (available athttp://www.vaccine.uab.edu/ELISA%20protocol.pdf, accessed on Mar. 31,2014).

The ELISA measures type specific IgG anti-S. pneumoniae capsularpolysaccharide (PS) antibodies present in human serum. When dilutions ofhuman sera are added to type-specific capsular PS-coated microtiterplates, antibodies specific for that capsular PS bind to the microtiterplates. The antibodies bound to the plates are detected using a goatanti-human IgG alkaline phosphatase-labeled antibody followed by ap-nitrophenyl phosphate substrate. The optical density of the coloredend product is proportional to the amount of anticapsular PS antibodypresent in the serum.

In an embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention is ableto elicit IgG antibodies in human which are capable of binding S.pneumoniae serotypes 18A polysaccharide at a concentration of at least0.05 μg/ml, 0.1 μg/ml, 0.2 μg/ml, 0.3 μg/ml, 0.35 μg/ml, 0.4 μg/ml or0.5 μg/ml as determined by ELISA assay.

In an embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention is ableto elicit IgG antibodies in human which are capable of binding S.pneumoniae serotypes 18B polysaccharide at a concentration of at least0.05 μg/ml, 0.1 μg/ml, 0.2 μg/ml, 0.3 μg/ml, 0.35 μg/ml, 0.4 μg/ml or0.5 μg/ml as determined by ELISA assay.

In an embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention is ableto elicit IgG antibodies in human which are capable of binding S.pneumoniae serotypes 18F polysaccharide at a concentration of at least0.05 μg/ml, 0.1 μg/ml, 0.2 μg/ml, 0.3 μg/ml, 0.35 μg/ml, 0.4 μg/ml or0.5 μg/ml as determined by ELISA assay.

In an embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention is ableto elicit functional antibodies in humans which are capable of killingS. pneumoniae serotype 18A, 18B and/or 18F as determined by in vitroopsonophagocytic assay (OPA) (see Example 1). In an embodiment, theimmunogenic composition of the invention is able to elicit functionalantibodies in humans which are capable of killing S. pneumoniae serotype18A as determined by in vitro opsonophagocytic assay (OPA). In anembodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention is able toelicit functional antibodies in humans which are capable of killing S.pneumoniae serotype 18B as determined by in vitro opsonophagocytic assay(OPA). In an embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention isable to elicit functional antibodies in human which are capable ofkilling S. pneumoniae serotype 18F as determined by in vitroopsonophagocytic assay (OPA). In an embodiment, the immunogeniccomposition of the invention is able to elicit functional antibodies inhumans which are capable of killing S. pneumoniae serotype 18A and 18Bas determined by in vitro opsonophagocytic assay (OPA). In anembodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention is able toelicit functional antibodies in humans which are capable of killing S.pneumoniae serotype 18A and 18F as determined by in vitroopsonophagocytic assay (OPA). In an embodiment, the immunogeniccomposition of the invention is able to elicit functional antibodies inhumans which are capable of killing S. pneumoniae serotype 18B and 18Fas determined by in vitro opsonophagocytic assay (OPA).

The pneumococcal opsonophagocytic assay (OPA), which measures killing ofS. pneumoniae cells by phagocytic effector cells in the presence offunctional antibody and complement, is considered to be an importantsurrogate for evaluating the effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccines.

In vitro opsonophagocytic assay (OPA) can be conducted by incubatingtogether a mixture of Streptococcus pneumoniae cells, a heat inactivatedhuman serum to be tested, differentiated HL-60 cells (phagocytes) and anexogenous complement source (e.g., baby rabbit complement).Opsonophagocytosis proceeds during incubation and bacterial cells thatare coated with antibody and complement are killed uponopsonophagocytosis. Colony forming units (cfu) of surviving bacteriathat escape from opsonophagocytosis are determined by plating the assaymixture. The OPA titer is defined as the reciprocal dilution thatresults in a 50% reduction in bacterial count over control wells withouttest serum. The OPA titer is interpolated from the two dilutions thatencompass this 50% killing cut-off.

An endpoint titer of 1:8 or greater is considered a positive result inthese killing type OPA.

In an embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention is ableto elicit a titer of at least 1:8 against S. pneumoniae serotype 18A inat least 50% of the subjects as determined by in vitro opsonophagocytickilling assay (OPA). In an embodiment, the immunogenic composition ofthe invention is able to elicit a titer of at least 1:8 against S.pneumoniae serotype 18A in at least ₆₀% 70% 80% 90% 95% 98% or at least99% of the subjects as determined by in vitro opsonophagocytic killingassay (OPA).

In an embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention is ableto elicit a titer of at least 1:8 against S. pneumoniae serotype 18B inat least 50% of the subjects as determined by in vitro opsonophagocytickilling assay (OPA). In an embodiment, the immunogenic composition ofthe invention is able to elicit a titer of at least 1:8 against S.pneumoniae serotype 18B in at least ₆₀% 70% 80% 90% 95% 98% or at least99% of the subjects as determined by in vitro opsonophagocytic killingassay (OPA).

In an embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention is ableto elicit a titer of at least 1:8 against S. pneumoniae serotype 18F inat least 50% of the subjects as determined by in vitro opsonophagocytickilling assay (OPA). In an embodiment, the immunogenic composition ofthe invention is able to elicit a titer of at least 1:8 against S.pneumoniae serotype 18F in at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98% or atleast 99%, of the subjects as determined by in vitro opsonophagocytickilling assay (OPA).

In some embodiment, the subjects may have serotype specific OPA titersprior to pneumococcal vaccination due for example to natural exposuresto S. pneumoniae (e.g., in case of adult subjects).

Therefore, comparaison of OPA activity of pre- and post-immunizationserum with the immunogenic composition of the invention can be conductedand compared for their response to serotypes 18A, 18B, and 18F to assessthe potential increase of responders (see Example 1).

In an embodiment the immunogenic composition of the inventionsignificantly increases the proportion of responders (i.e., individualwith a serum having a titer of at least 1:8 as determined by in vitroOPA) as compared to the pre-immunized population.

Therefore in an embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the inventionis able to significantly increase the proportion of responders againstS. pneumoniae serotype 18A (i.e., individual with a serum having a titerof at least 1:8 as determined by in vitro OPA) as compared to thepre-immunized population.

In an embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention is ableto significantly increase the proportion of responders against S.pneumoniae serotype 18B (i.e., individual with a serum having a titer ofat least 1:8 as determined by in vitro OPA) as compared to thepre-immunized population.

In an embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention is ableto significantly increase the proportion of responders against S.pneumoniae serotype 18F (i.e., individual with a serum having a titer ofat least 1:8 as determined by in vitro OPA) as compared to thepre-immunized population.

In an embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention is ableto significantly increase the proportion of responders against S.pneumoniae serotypes 18A and 18B (i.e., individual with a serum having atiter of at least 1:8 as determined by in vitro OPA) as compared to thepre-immunized population.

In an embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention is ableto significantly increase the proportion of responders against S.pneumoniae serotypes 18A and 18F (i.e., individual with a serum having atiter of at least 1:8 as determined by in vitro OPA) as compared to thepre-immunized population.

In an embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention is ableto significantly increase the proportion of responders against S.pneumoniae serotypes 18B and 18F (i.e., individual with a serum having atiter of at least 1:8 as determined by in vitro OPA) as compared to thepre-immunized population.

In an embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention is ableto significantly increase the proportion of responders against S.pneumoniae serotypes 18A, 18B and 18F (i.e., individual with a serumhaving a titer of at least 1:8 as determined by in vitro OPA) ascompared to the pre-immunized population.

Comparaison of OPA activity of pre- and post-immunization serum with theimmunogenic composition of the invention can also be done by comparingthe potential increase in OPA titers.

Therefore, comparaison of OPA activity of pre- and post-immunizationserum with the immunogenic composition of the invention can be conductedand compared for their response to serotypes 18A, 18B, and 18F to assessthe potential for increase in OPA titers (see Example 1).

In an embodiment the immunogenic compositions of the invention are ableto significantly increase the OPA titer of human subjects as compared tothe pre-immunized population.

Therefore in an embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the inventionis able to significantly increase the OPA titers of human subjectsagainst S. pneumoniae serotype 18A as compared to the pre-immunizedpopulation. In an embodiment, the fold-rise in OPA titer against S.pneumoniae serotype 18A is at least 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.07.5, 8.0 or 8.4.

In an embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention is ableto significantly increase the OPA titers of human subjects against S.pneumoniae serotype 18B as compared to the pre-immunized population. Inan embodiment, the fold-rise in OPA titer against S. pneumoniae serotype18B is at least 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0, 11.0,12.0, 13.0, 14.0, 15.0, 15.5 or 16.0.

In an embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention is ableto significantly increase the OPA titers of human subjects against S.pneumoniae serotype 18F as compared to the pre-immunized population. Inan embodiment, the fold-rise in OPA titer against S. pneumoniae serotype18F is at least 2.0, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 5.7 or 5.9.

In an embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention is ableto significantly increase the OPA titers of human subjects against S.pneumoniae serotypes 18A and 18B as compared to the pre-immunizedpopulation. In an embodiment, the fold-rise in OPA titer against S.pneumoniae serotype 18A is at least 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.07.5, 8.0 or 8.4 and the fold-rise in OPA titer against S. pneumoniaeserotype 18B is at least 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0,11.0, 12.0, 13.0, 14.0, 15.0, 15.5 or 16.0. In an embodiment, thefold-rise in OPA titer against S. pneumoniae serotype 18A is at least8.4 and the fold-rise in OPA titer against S. pneumoniae serotype 18B isat least 16.0.

In an embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention is ableto significantly increase the OPA titers of human subjects against S.pneumoniae serotypes 18A and 18F as compared to the pre-immunizedpopulation. In an embodiment, the fold-rise in OPA titer against S.pneumoniae serotype 18A is at least 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.07.5, 8.0 or 8.4 and the fold-rise in OPA titer against S. pneumoniaeserotype 18F is at least 2.0, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 5.7 or 5.9.In an embodiment, the fold-rise in OPA titer against S. pneumoniaeserotype 18A is at least 8.4 and the fold-rise in OPA titer against S.pneumoniae serotype 18F is at least 5.9.

In an embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention is ableto significantly increase the OPA titers of human subjects against S.pneumoniae serotypes 18B and 18F as compared to the pre-immunizedpopulation. In an embodiment, the fold-rise in OPA titer against S.pneumoniae serotype 18B is at least 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0,9.0, 10.0, 11.0, 12.0, 13.0, 14.0, 15.0, 15.5 or 16.0 and the fold-risein OPA titer against S. pneumoniae serotype 18F is at least 2.0, 3.0,3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 5.7 or 5.9. In an embodiment, the fold-rise inOPA titer against S. pneumoniae serotype 18B is at least 16.0 and thefold-rise in OPA titer against S. pneumoniae serotype 18F is at least5.9.

In an embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention is ableto significantly increase the OPA titers of human subjects against S.pneumoniae serotypes 18A, 18B and 18F as compared to the pre-immunizedpopulation. In an embodiment, the fold-rise in OPA titer against S.pneumoniae serotype 18A is at least 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.07.5, 8.0 or 8.4, the fold-rise in OPA titer against S. pneumoniaeserotype 18B is at least 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0,11.0, 12.0, 13.0, 14.0, 15.0, 15.5 or 16.0 and the fold-rise in OPAtiter against S. pneumoniae serotype 18F is at least 2.0, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0,4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 5.7 or 5.9. In an embodiment, the fold-rise in OPA titeragainst S. pneumoniae serotype 18A is at least 8.4, the fold-rise in OPAtiter against S. pneumoniae serotype 18B is at least 16.0 and thefold-rise in OPA titer against S. pneumoniae serotype 18F is at least5.9.

7 Uses of the Immunogenic Compositions of the Invention

In an embodiment, the mmunogenic compositions disclosed herein are foruse as a medicament.

The immunogenic compositions described herein may be used in varioustherapeutic or prophylactic methods for preventing, treating orameliorating a bacterial infection, disease or condition in a subject.In particular, immunogenic compositions described herein may be used toprevent, treat or ameliorate a S. pneumoniae infection, disease orcondition in a subject.

Thus in one aspect, the invention provides a method of preventing,treating or ameliorating an infection, disease or condition associatedwith S. pneumoniae in a subject, comprising administering to the subjectan immunologically effective amount of an immunogenic composition of theinvention.

In one aspect, the invention provides a method of preventing, treatingor ameliorating an infection, disease or condition associated with S.pneumoniae serotypes 18A, 18B and 18F in a subject, comprisingadministering to the subject an immunologically effective amount of animmunogenic composition of the invention.

In one aspect, the invention provides a method of preventing, treatingor ameliorating an infection, disease or condition associated with S.pneumoniae serotype 18A in a subject, comprising administering to thesubject an immunologically effective amount of an immunogeniccomposition of the invention.

In one aspect, the invention provides a method of preventing, treatingor ameliorating an infection, disease or condition associated with S.pneumoniae serotype 18B in a subject, comprising administering to thesubject an immunologically effective amount of an immunogeniccomposition of the invention.

In one aspect, the invention provides a method of preventing, treatingor ameliorating an infection, disease or condition associated with S.pneumoniae serotype 18F in a subject, comprising administering to thesubject an immunologically effective amount of an immunogeniccomposition of the invention.

In one aspect, the invention provides a method of preventing, treatingor ameliorating an infection, disease or condition associated with S.pneumoniae serotype 18A and 18B in a subject, comprising administeringto the subject an immunologically effective amount of an immunogeniccomposition of the invention.

In one aspect, the invention provides a method of preventing, treatingor ameliorating an infection, disease or condition associated with S.pneumoniae serotype 18A and 18F in a subject, comprising administeringto the subject an immunologically effective amount of an immunogeniccomposition of the invention.

In one aspect, the invention provides a method of preventing, treatingor ameliorating an infection, disease or condition associated with S.pneumoniae serotype 18B and 18F in a subject, comprising administeringto the subject an immunologically effective amount of an immunogeniccomposition of the invention.

In one aspect, the invention provides a method of inducing an immuneresponse to S. pneumoniae serotypes 18A, 18B and/or 18F in a subject,comprising administering to the subject an immunologically effectiveamount of an immunogenic composition of the invention.

In one aspect, the invention provides a method of inducing an immuneresponse to S. pneumoniae serotypes 18A in a subject, comprisingadministering to the subject an immunologically effective amount of animmunogenic composition of the invention.

In one aspect, the invention provides a method of inducing an immuneresponse to S. pneumoniae serotypes 18B in a subject, comprisingadministering to the subject an immunologically effective amount of animmunogenic composition of the invention.

In one aspect, the invention provides a method of inducing an immuneresponse to S. pneumoniae serotypes 18F in a subject, comprisingadministering to the subject an immunologically effective amount of animmunogenic composition of the invention.

In one aspect, the immunogenic compositions of the present invention arefor use in a method for preventing, treating or ameliorating aninfection, disease or condition caused by S. pneumoniae serotypes 18A,18B and/or 18F in a subject.

In one aspect, the immunogenic compositions of the present invention arefor use in a method for preventing, treating or ameliorating aninfection, disease or condition caused by S. pneumoniae serotype 18A ina subject. In one aspect, the immunogenic compositions of the presentinvention are for use in a method for preventing, treating orameliorating an infection, disease or condition caused by S. pneumoniaeserotype 18B in a subject. In one aspect, the immunogenic compositionsof the present invention are for use in a method for preventing,treating or ameliorating an infection, disease or condition caused by S.pneumoniae serotype 18F in a subject.

In one aspect, the immunogenic compositions of the present invention arefor use in a method for preventing, treating or ameliorating aninfection, disease or condition caused by S. pneumoniae serotypes 18Aand 18B in a subject. In one aspect, the immunogenic compositions of thepresent invention are for use in a method for preventing, treating orameliorating an infection, disease or condition caused by S. pneumoniaeserotype 18A and 18F in a subject. In one aspect, the immunogeniccompositions of the present invention are for use in a method forpreventing, treating or ameliorating an infection, disease or conditioncaused by S. pneumoniae serotype 18B and 18F in a subject. In anembodiment, any of the immunogenic composition disclosed herein is foruse in a method of immunizing a subject against infection by S.pneumoniae serotype 18A, 18B and/or 18F.

In an embodiment, any of the immunogenic composition disclosed herein isfor use in a method of immunizing a subject against infection by S.pneumoniae serotype 18A. In an embodiment, any of the immunogeniccomposition disclosed herein is for use in a method of immunizing asubject against infection by S. pneumoniae serotype 18B. In anembodiment, any of the immunogenic composition disclosed herein is foruse in a method of immunizing a subject against infection by S.pneumoniae serotype 18F.

In an embodiment, any of the immunogenic composition disclosed herein isfor use in a method of immunizing a subject against infection by S.pneumoniae serotype 18A and 18B. In an embodiment, any of theimmunogenic composition disclosed herein is for use in a method ofimmunizing a subject against infection by S. pneumoniae serotype 18A and18F. In an embodiment, any of the immunogenic composition disclosedherein is for use in a method of immunizing a subject against infectionby S. pneumoniae serotype 18B and 18F.

In one aspect, the present invention is directed toward the use of theimmunogenic composition disclosed herein for the manufacture of amedicament for preventing, treating or ameliorating an infection,disease or condition caused by S. pneumoniae serotypes 18A, 18B and/or18F in a subject.

In one aspect, the present invention is directed toward the use of theimmunogenic composition disclosed herein for the manufacture of amedicament for preventing, treating or ameliorating an infection,disease or condition caused by S. pneumoniae serotypes 18A and 18B in asubject. In one aspect, the present invention is directed toward the useof the immunogenic composition disclosed herein for the manufacture of amedicament for preventing, treating or ameliorating an infection,disease or condition caused by S. pneumoniae serotype 18A and 18F in asubject. In one aspect, the present invention is directed toward the useof the immunogenic composition disclosed herein for the manufacture of amedicament for preventing, treating or ameliorating an infection,disease or condition caused by S. pneumoniae serotype 18B and 18F in asubject.

In an embodiment, the present invention is directed toward the use ofthe immunogenic composition disclosed herein for the manufacture of amedicament for immunizing a subject against infection by S. pneumoniaeserotype 18A, 18B and/or 18F.

In an embodiment, the present invention is directed toward the use ofthe immunogenic composition disclosed herein for the manufacture of amedicament for immunizing a subject against infection by S. pneumoniaeserotype 18A. In an embodiment, the present invention is directed towardthe use of the immunogenic composition disclosed herein for themanufacture of a medicament for immunizing a subject against infectionby S. pneumoniae serotype 18B. In an embodiment, the present inventionis directed toward the use of the immunogenic composition disclosedherein for the manufacture of a medicament for immunizing a subjectagainst infection by S. pneumoniae serotype 18F.

In an embodiment, the present invention is directed toward the use ofthe immunogenic composition disclosed herein for the manufacture of amedicament for immunizing a subject against infection by S. pneumoniaeserotype 18A and 18B. In an embodiment, the present invention isdirected toward the use of the immunogenic composition disclosed hereinfor the manufacture of a medicament for immunizing a subject againstinfection by S. pneumoniae serotype 18A and 18F. In an embodiment, thepresent invention is directed toward the use of the immunogeniccomposition disclosed herein for the manufacture of a medicament forimmunizing a subject against infection by S. pneumoniae serotype 18B and18F.

In one aspect, the present invention provides a method for inducing animmune response to S. pneumoniae serotypes 18A, 18B and/or 18F in asubject. In one aspect, the present invention provides a method forinducing an immune response to S. pneumoniae serotype 18A in a subject.In one aspect, the present invention provides a method for inducing animmune response to S. pneumoniae serotype 18B in a subject. In oneaspect, the present invention provides a method for inducing an immuneresponse to S. pneumoniae serotype 18F in a subject. In an embodiment,the immunogenic compositions disclosed herein are for use as a vaccine.More particularly, the immunogenic compositions described herein may beused to prevent serotypes 18A, 18B and/or 18F S. pneumoniae infectionsin a subject. Thus in one aspect, the invention provides a method ofpreventing, an infection by serotypes 18A, 18B and/or 18F S. pneumoniaein a subject, comprising administering to the subject an immunologicallyeffective amount of an immunogenic composition of the invention. In somesuch embodiments, the infection is selected from the group consisting ofpneumonia, sinusitis, otitis media, acute otitis media, meningitis,bacteremia, sepsis, pleural empyema, conjunctivitis, osteomyelitis,septic arthritis, endocarditis, peritonitis, pericarditis, mastoiditis,cellulitis, soft tissue infection and brain abscess. In one aspect, thesubject to be vaccinated is a mammal, such as a human, cat, sheep, pig,horse, bovine or dog.

In one aspect, the immunogenic compositions disclosed herein are for usein a method of preventing, treating or ameliorating an infection,disease or condition associated S. pneumoniae with serotypes 18A, 18Band/or 18F in a subject. In some such embodiments, the infection,disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of pneumonia,sinusitis, otitis media, acute otitis media, meningitis, bacteremia,sepsis, pleural empyema, conjunctivitis, osteomyelitis, septicarthritis, endocarditis, peritonitis, pericarditis, mastoiditis,cellulitis, soft tissue infection and brain abscess.

In an aspect, the immunogenic composition disclosed herein are for usein a method of preventing, an infection by serotypes 18A, 18B and/or 18Fof S. pneumoniae in a subject. In some such embodiments, the infectionis selected from the group consisting of pneumonia, sinusitis, otitismedia, acute otitis media, meningitis, bacteremia, sepsis, pleuralempyema, conjunctivitis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, endocarditis,peritonitis, pericarditis, mastoiditis, cellulitis, soft tissueinfection and brain abscess. In one aspect, the subject to be vaccinatedis a mammal, such as a human, cat, sheep, pig, horse, bovine or dog.

In one aspect, the present invention is directed toward the use of theimmunogenic composition disclosed herein for the manufacture of amedicament for preventing, treating or ameliorating an infection,disease or condition associated S. pneumoniae with serotypes 18A, 18Band/or 18F in a subject. In some such embodiments, the infection,disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of pneumonia,sinusitis, otitis media, acute otitis media, meningitis, bacteremia,sepsis, pleural empyema, conjunctivitis, osteomyelitis, septicarthritis, endocarditis, peritonitis, pericarditis, mastoiditis,cellulitis, soft tissue infection and brain abscess.

In an aspect, the present invention is directed toward the use of theimmunogenic composition disclosed herein for the manufacture of amedicament for preventing, an infection by serotypes 18A, 18B and/or 18Fof S. pneumoniae in a subject. In some such embodiments, the infectionis selected from the group consisting of pneumonia, sinusitis, otitismedia, acute otitis media, meningitis, bacteremia, sepsis, pleuralempyema, conjunctivitis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, endocarditis,peritonitis, pericarditis, mastoiditis, cellulitis, soft tissueinfection and brain abscess. In one aspect, the subject to be vaccinatedis a mammal, such as a human, cat, sheep, pig, horse, bovine or dog.

The immunogenic compositions of the present invention can be used toprotect or treat a human susceptible to S. pneumoniae serotypes 18A, 18Band/or 18F infection, by means of administering the immunogeniccompositions via a systemic or mucosal route.

In an embodiment, the immunogenic compositions disclosed herein areadministered by intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intradermal orsubcutaneous routes. In an embodiment, the immunogenic compositionsdisclosed herein are administered by intramuscular, intraperitoneal,intradermal or subcutaneous injection. In an embodiment, the immunogeniccompositions disclosed herein are administered by intramuscular orsubcutaneous injection.

In an embodiment, the immunogenic compositions of the present disclosurecomprise at least one glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae 9V (such as theglycoconjugates of paragraph 1.3 above).

8 Subject to be Treated with the Immunogenic Compositions of theInvention

As disclosed herein, the immunogenic compositions described herein maybe used in various therapeutic or prophylactic methods for preventing,treating or ameliorating a bacterial infection, disease or condition ina subject.

In a preferred embodiment, said subject is a human. In a most preferredembodiment, said subject is a newborn (i.e., under three months of age),an infant (i.e., from 3 months to one year of age) or a toddler (i.e.,from one year to four years of age).

In an embodiment, the immunogenic compositions disclosed herein are foruse as a vaccine.

In such embodiment, the subject to be vaccinated may be less than 1 yearof age. For example, the subject to be vaccinated can be about 1, about2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about10, about 11 or about 12 months of age. In an embodiment, the subject tobe vaccinated is about 2, 4 or 6 months of age. In another embodiment,the subject to be vaccinated is less than 2 years of age. For examplethe subject to be vaccinated can be about 12 to about 15 months of age.In some cases, as little as one dose of the immunogenic compositionaccording to the invention is needed, but under some circumstances, asecond, third or fourth dose may be given (see section 9 below).

In an embodiment of the present invention, the subject to be vaccinatedis a human adult 50 years of age or older, more preferably a human adult55 years of age or older.

In an embodiment, the subject to be vaccinated is a human adult 65 yearsof age or older, 70 years of age or older, 75 years of age or older or80 years of age or older. In an embodiment the subject to be vaccinatedis an immunocompromised individual, in particular a human. Animmunocompromised individual is generally defined as a person whoexhibits an attenuated or reduced ability to mount a normal humoral orcellular defense to challenge by infectious agents.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the immunocompromised subjectto be vaccinated suffers from a disease or condition that impairs theimmune system and results in an antibody response that is insufficientto protect against or treat pneumococcal disease.

In an embodiment, said disease is a primary immunodeficiency disorder.Preferably, said primary immunodeficiency disorder is selected from thegroup consisting of: combined T- and B-cell immunodeficiencies, antibodydeficiencies, well-defined syndromes, immune dysregulation diseases,phagocyte disorders, innate immunity deficiencies, autoinflammatorydisorders, and complement deficiencies. In an embodiment, said primaryimmunodeficiency disorder is selected from the one disclosed on page 24,line 11, to page 25, line 19, of WO 2010/125480.

In a particular embodiment of the present invention, theimmunocompromised subject to be vaccinated suffers from a diseaseselected from the groups consisting of: HIV-infection, acquiredimmunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), cancer, chronic heart or lungdisorders, congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus, chronic liverdisease, alcoholism, cirrhosis, spinal fluid leaks, cardiomyopathy,chronic bronchitis, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD), spleen dysfunction (such as sickle cell disease), lack of spleenfunction (asplenia), blood malignancy, leukemia, multiple myeloma,Hodgkin's disease, lymphoma, kidney failure, nephrotic syndrome andasthma.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the immunocompromised subjectto be vaccinated suffers from malnutrition.

In a particular embodiment of the present invention, theimmunocompromised subject to be vaccinated is taking a drug or treatmentthat lowers the body's resistance to infection. In an embodiment, saiddrug is selected from the one disclosed on page 26, line 33, to page 26,line 4, of WO 2010/125480.

In a particular embodiment of the present invention, theimmunocompromised subject to be vaccinated is a smoker.

In a particular embodiment of the present invention, theimmunocompromised subject to be vaccinated has a white blood cell count(leukocyte count) below 5×10⁹ cells per liter, or below 4×10⁹ cells perliter, or below 3×10⁹ cells per liter, or below 2×10⁹ cells per liter,or below 1×10⁹ cells per liter, or below 0.5×10⁹ cells per liter, orbelow 0.3×10⁹ cells per liter, or below 0.1×10⁹ cells per liter.

White blood cell count (leukocyte count): The number of white bloodcells (WBC) in the blood. The WBC is usually measured as part of the CBC(complete blood count). White blood cells are the infection-fightingcells in the blood and are distinct from the red (oxygen-carrying) bloodcells known as erythrocytes. There are different types of white bloodcells, including neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes; PMN), bandcells (slightly immature neutrophils), T-type lymphocytes (T-cells),B-type lymphocytes (B-cells), monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Allthe types of white blood cells are reflected in the white blood cellcount. The normal range for the white blood cell count is usuallybetween 4,300 and 10,800 cells per cubic millimeter of blood. This canalso be referred to as the leukocyte count and can be expressed ininternational units as 4.3−10.8×10⁹ cells per liter.

In a particular embodiment of the present invention, theimmunocompromised subject to be vaccinated suffers from neutropenia. Ina particular embodiment of the present invention, the immunocompromisedsubject to be vaccinated has a neutrophil count below 2×10⁹ cells perliter, or below 1×10⁹ cells per liter, or below 0.5×10⁹ cells per liter,or below 0.1×10⁹ cells per liter, or below 0.05×10⁹ cells per liter.

A low white blood cell count or “neutropenia” is a conditioncharacterized by abnormally low levels of neutrophils in the circulatingblood. Neutrophils are a specific kind of white blood cell that helpprevent and fight infections. The most common reason that cancerpatients experience neutropenia is as a side effect of chemotherapy.Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia increases a patient's risk of infectionand disrupts cancer treatment.

In a particular embodiment of the present invention, theimmunocompromised subject to be vaccinated has a CD4+ cell count below500/mm3, or CD4+ cell count below 300/mm3, or CD4+ cell count below200/mm3, CD4+ cell count below 100/mm3, CD4+ cell count below 75/mm3, orCD4+ cell count below 50/mm3.

CD4 cell tests are normally reported as the number of cells in mm3.Normal CD4 counts are between 500 and 1600, and CD8 counts are between375 and 1100. CD4 counts drop dramatically in people with HIV.

In an embodiment of the invention, any of the immunocompromised subjectdisclosed herein is a human male or a human female.

9 Regimen

In some cases, as little as one dose of the immunogenic compositionaccording to the invention is needed, but under some circumstances, suchas conditions of greater immune deficiency, a second, third or fourthdose may be given. Following an initial vaccination, subjects canreceive one or several booster immunizations adequately spaced.

In an embodiment, the schedule of vaccination of the immunogeniccomposition according to the invention is a single dose. In a particularembodiment, said single dose schedule is for healthy persons being atleast 2 years of age.

In an embodiment, the schedule of vaccination of the immunogeniccomposition according to the invention is a multiple dose schedule. In aparticular embodiment, said multiple dose schedule consists of a seriesof 2 doses separated by an interval of about 1 month to about 2 months.In a particular embodiment, said multiple dose schedule consists of aseries of 2 doses separated by an interval of about 1 month, or a seriesof 2 doses separated by an interval of about 2 months.

In another embodiment, said multiple dose schedule consists of a seriesof 3 doses separated by an interval of about 1 month to about 2 months.In another embodiment, said multiple dose schedule consists of a seriesof 3 doses separated by an interval of about 1 month, or a series of 3doses separated by an interval of about 2 months.

In another embodiment, said multiple dose schedule consists of a seriesof 3 doses separated by an interval of about 1 month to about 2 monthsfollowed by a fourth dose about 10 months to about 13 months after thefirst dose. In another embodiment, said multiple dose schedule consistsof a series of 3 doses separated by an interval of about 1 monthfollowed by a fourth dose about 10 months to about 13 months after thefirst dose, or a series of 3 doses separated by an interval of about 2months followed by a fourth dose about 10 months to about 13 monthsafter the first dose.

In an embodiment, the multiple dose schedule consists of at least onedose (e.g., 1, 2 or 3 doses) in the first year of age followed by atleast one toddler dose.

In an embodiment, the multiple dose schedule consists of a series of 2or 3 doses separated by an interval of about 1 month to about 2 months(for example 28-56 days between doses), starting at 2 months of age, andfollowed by a toddler dose at 12-18 months of age. In an embodiment,said multiple dose schedule consists of a series of 3 doses separated byan interval of about 1 to 2 months (for example 28-56 days betweendoses), starting at 2 months of age, and followed by a toddler dose at12-15 months of age. In another embodiment, said multiple dose scheduleconsists of a series of 2 doses separated by an interval of about 2months, starting at 2 months of age, and followed by a toddler dose at12-18 months of age.

In an embodiment, the multiple dose schedule consists of a 4-dose seriesof vaccine at 2, 4, 6, and 12-15 months of age.

In an embodiment, a prime dose is given at day 0 and one or more boostsare given at intervals that range from about 2 to about 24 weeks,preferably with a dosing interval of 4-8 weeks.

In an embodiment, a prime dose is given at day 0 and a boost is givenabout 3 months later.

10 Kit and Process

In an embodiment, the invention is directed toward a kit comprising animmunogenic composition disclosed herein and an information leaflet.

In an embodiment said information leaflet mentions the ability of thecomposition to elicit functional antibodies against S. pneumoniaeserotypes 18B, 18F and/or 18A.

In an embodiment said information leaflet mentions the ability of thecomposition to elicit functional antibodies against S. pneumoniaeserotype 18A.

In an embodiment said information leaflet mentions the ability of thecomposition to elicit anti-capsular antibodies against S. pneumoniaeserotypes 18B, 18F and/or 18A at a concentration 0.35 μg/mL in a humanpopulation.

In an embodiment said information leaflet mentions the ability of thecomposition to elicit anti-capsular antibodies against S. pneumoniaeserotype 18A at a concentration 0.35 μg/mL in a human population.

In an embodiment said information leaflet mentions the ability of thecomposition to elicit OPA titers against S. pneumoniae serotypes 18B,18F and/or 18A in a human population.

In an embodiment said information leaflet mentions the ability of thecomposition to elicit OPA titers against S. pneumoniae serotypes 18A ina human population.

In an embodiment, the invention is directed toward a process forproducing a kit comprising an immunogenic composition and an informationleaflet, said process comprising the step of:

-   -   producing an immunogenic composition of the present disclosure        and    -   combining in the same kit said immunogenic composition and        information leaflet, wherein said information leaflet mentions        the ability of said composition to elicit functional antibodies        against S. pneumoniae serotypes 18B, 18F and/or 18A.

In an embodiment, the invention is directed toward a process forproducing a kit comprising an immunogenic composition and an informationleaflet, said process comprising the step of:

-   -   producing an immunogenic composition of the present disclosure        and    -   combining in the same kit said immunogenic composition and        information leaflet, wherein said information leaflet mentions        the ability of the composition to elicit anti-capsular        antibodies against S. pneumoniae serotypes 18B, 18F and/or 18A        at a concentration 0.35 μg/mL in a human population.

In an embodiment, the invention is directed toward a process forproducing a kit comprising an immunogenic composition and an informationleaflet, said process comprising the step of:

-   -   producing an immunogenic composition of the present disclosure        and

-   combining in the same kit said immunogenic composition and    information leaflet, wherein said information leaflet mentions the    ability of the composition to elicit OPA titers against S.    pneumoniae serotypes 18B, 18F and/or 18A in a human population.

In an embodiment, the invention is directed toward a process forproducing a kit comprising an immunogenic composition and an informationleaflet, said process comprising the step of:

-   -   producing an immunogenic composition of the present disclosure;    -   printing an information leaflet wherein said information leaflet        mentions the ability of said composition to elicit functional        antibodies against S. pneumoniae serotypes 18B, 18F and/or 18A;    -   combining in the same kit said immunogenic composition and said        information leaflet.

In an embodiment, the invention is directed toward a process forproducing a kit comprising an immunogenic composition and an informationleaflet, said process comprising the step of:

-   -   producing an immunogenic composition of the present disclosure;    -   printing an information leaflet wherein said information leaflet        mentions the ability of the composition to elicit anti-capsular        antibodies against S. pneumoniae serotypes 18B, 18F and/or 18A        at a concentration ≥0.35 μg/mL in a human population;    -   combining in the same kit said immunogenic composition and said        information leaflet.

In an embodiment, the invention is directed toward a process forproducing a kit comprising an immunogenic composition and an informationleaflet, said process comprising the step of:

-   -   producing an immunogenic composition of the present disclosure;    -   printing an information leaflet wherein said information leaflet        mentions the ability of the composition to elicit OPA titers        against S. pneumoniae serotypes 18B, 18F and/or 18A in a human        population;    -   combining in the same kit said immunogenic composition and said        information leaflet.

11 Methods

In an embodiment, the invention is directed toward a method comprisingthe step of:

-   -   injecting to a subject an immunologically effective amount of        any of the immunogenic compositions defined in the present        document;    -   collecting a serum sample from said subject;    -   testing said serum sample for opsonophagocytic killing activity        against S. pneumoniae serotype 18A by in vitro opsonophagocytic        killing assay (OPA).

In an embodiment, the invention is directed toward a method comprisingthe step of:

-   -   injecting to a subject an immunologically effective amount of        any of the immunogenic compositions defined in the present        document;    -   collecting a serum sample from said subject;    -   testing said serum sample for opsonophagocytic killing activity        against S. pneumoniae serotype 18B by in vitro opsonophagocytic        killing assay (OPA).

In an embodiment, the invention is directed toward a method comprisingthe step of:

-   -   injecting to a subject an immunologically effective amount of        any of the immunogenic compositions defined in the present        document;    -   collecting a serum sample from said subject;    -   testing said serum sample for opsonophagocytic killing activity        against S. pneumoniae serotype 18F by in vitro opsonophagocytic        killing assay (OPA).

In an embodiment, the invention is directed toward a method comprisingthe step of:

-   -   injecting to a subject an immunologically effective amount of        any of the immunogenic compositions defined in the present        document;    -   collecting a serum sample from said subject;    -   testing said serum sample for opsonophagocytic killing activity        against S. pneumoniae serotypes 18A, 18B and/or 18F by in vitro        opsonophagocytic killing assay (OPA).

12 The Invention Also Provides the Following Embodiments as Defined inthe Following Numbered Paragraphs 1 to 103

1. An immunogenic composition comprising at least one glycoconjugatefrom S. pneumoniae serotype 18C for use in a method of immunizing asubject against infection by S. pneumoniae serotype 18A, 18B and/or 18F.

2. The immunogenic composition of paragraph 1, wherein said compositiondoes not comprise capsular saccharide from S. pneumoniae serotype 18A.

3. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-2, whereinsaid composition does not comprise capsular saccharide from S.pneumoniae serotype 18B.

4. The immunogenic composition composition of any one of paragraphs 1-3,wherein said composition does not comprise capsular saccharide from S.pneumoniae serotype 18F.

5. The immunogenic composition of paragraph 1, wherein said compositiondoes not comprise capsular saccharide from S. pneumoniae serotypes 18A,18B and 18F

6. The immunogenic composition composition of any one of paragraphs 1-5,further comprising at least one glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniaeserotype 4.

7. The immunogenic composition composition of any one of paragraphs 1-6further comprising at least one glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniaeserotype 6B.

8. The immunogenic composition composition of any one of paragraphs 1-7further comprising at least one glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniaeserotype 9V.

9. The immunogenic composition composition of any one of paragraphs 1-8further comprising at least one glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniaeserotype 14.

10. The immunogenic composition composition of any one of paragraphs 1-9further comprising at least one glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniaeserotype 19F.

11. The immunogenic composition composition of any one of paragraphs1-10 further comprising at least one glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniaeserotype 23F.

12. The immunogenic composition composition of any one of paragraphs 1-5further comprising glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotypes 4, 6B,9V, 14, 19F and 23F.

13. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-12 furthercomprising at least one glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 1.

14. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-13 furthercomprising at least one glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 5.

15. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-14 furthercomprising at least one glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 7F.

16. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-15 furthercomprising glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotypes 1, 5 and 7F.

17. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-16 furthercomprising at least one glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 6A.

18. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-17 furthercomprising at least one glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 19A.

19. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-15 furthercomprising glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotypes 6A and 19A.

20. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-19 furthercomprising at least one glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 3.

21. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-20 furthercomprising at least one glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 15B.

22. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-21 furthercomprising at least one glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 22F.

23. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-22 furthercomprising at least one glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 33F.

24. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-23 furthercomprising at least one glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 12F.

25. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-24 furthercomprising at least one glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 10A.

26. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-25 furthercomprising at least one glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 11A.

27. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-26 furthercomprising at least one glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 8.

28. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-20 furthercomprising glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotypes 22F and 33F.

29. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-20 furthercomprising glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotypes 15B, 22F and33F.

30. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-23 furthercomprising glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotypes 12F, 10A, 11Aand 8.

31. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-30 furthercomprising at least one glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 2.

32. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-31 furthercomprising at least one glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 17F.

33. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-32 furthercomprising at least one glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 20.

34. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-30 furthercomprising glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotypes 2, 17F and 20.

35. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-34 furthercomprising at least one glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 15C.

36. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-35 furthercomprising at least one glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 9N.

37. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-36 which is a7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or25-valent pneumococcal conjugate composition.

38. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-36 which is a14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 valent pneumococcal conjugate composition.

39. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-36 which is a16-valent pneumococcal conjugate composition.

40. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-36 which is a20-valent pneumococcal conjugate composition.

41. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-40 whereinsaid glycoconjugates are individually conjugated to CRM₁₉₇.

42. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-40 whereinall glycoconjugates are individually conjugated to CRM₁₉₇.

43. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-40 wherein,the glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotypes 1, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14and/or 23F are individually conjugated to PD.

44. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-40 or 43wherein the glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 18C is conjugatedto TT.

45. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 10-40 or 43-44wherein the glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 19F is conjugatedto DT.

46. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-40 whereinthe glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 18C is conjugated toCRM_(197.)

47. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-46 whereinsaid glycoconjugates are prepared using CDAP chemistry.

48. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-46 whereinsaid glycoconjugates are prepared by reductive amination.

49. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-48 whereinsaid glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 18C is prepared byreductive amination.

50. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-49 whereinsaid glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 18C comprise asaccharide which has a degree of O-acetylation ≤10%.

51. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-50 whereinsaid glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 18C has a molecularweight of between 150 kDa and 2,000 kDa.

52. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-51 whereinsaid immunogenic composition further comprise antigens from otherpathogens.

53. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-51 whereinsaid immunogenic composition further comprise antigens selected from: adiphtheria toxoid (D), a tetanus toxoid (T), a pertussis antigen (P),which is typically acellular (Pa), a hepatitis B virus (HBV) surfaceantigen (HBsAg), a hepatitis A virus (HAV) antigen, a conjugatedHaemophilus influenzae type b capsular saccharide (Hib), inactivatedpoliovirus vaccine (IPV).

54. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-53 whereinsaid immunogenic composition further comprise at least one adjuvant,most preferably any of the adjuvant disclosed herein.

55. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-53 whereinsaid immunogenic composition further comprise at least one adjuvantselected from the group consisting of aluminum phosphate, aluminumsulfate and aluminum hydroxide.

56. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-53 whereinsaid immunogenic composition comprise from 0.1 mg/mL to 1 mg/mL ofelemental aluminum in the form of aluminum phosphate as adjuvant.

57. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-56 which isable to elicit IgG antibodies in human which are capable of binding S.pneumoniae serotypes 18A polysaccharide at a concentration of at least0.35 μg/ml as determined by ELISA assay.

58. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-57 which isable to elicit IgG antibodies in human which are capable of binding S.pneumoniae serotypes 18B polysaccharide at a concentration of at least0.35 μg/ml as determined by ELISA assay.

59. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-58 which isable to elicit IgG antibodies in human which are capable of binding S.pneumoniae serotypes 18F polysaccharide at a concentration of at least0.35 μg/ml as determined by ELISA assay.

60. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-59 which isable to elicit functional antibodies in human which are capable ofkilling S. pneumoniae serotype 18A, 18B and/or 18F as determined by invitro opsonophagocytic assay (OPA).

61. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-60 which isable to elicit a titer of at least 1:8 against S. pneumoniae serotype18A in at least 50% of the subjects as determined by in vitroopsonophagocytic killing assay (OPA).

62. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-61 which isable to elicit a titer of at least 1:8 against S. pneumoniae serotype18B in at least 50% of the subjects as determined by in vitroopsonophagocytic killing assay (OPA).

63. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-62 which isable to elicit a titer of at least 1:8 against S. pneumoniae serotype18F in at least 50% of the subjects as determined by in vitroopsonophagocytic killing assay (OPA).

64. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-63 which isable to significantly increase the proportion of responders against S.pneumoniae serotype 18A as compared to the pre-immunized population.

65. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-64 which isable to significantly increase the proportion of responders against S.pneumoniae serotype 18B as compared to the pre-immunized population.

66. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-65 which isable to significantly increase the proportion of responders against S.pneumoniae serotype 18F as compared to the pre-immunized population

67. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-66 which isable to significantly increase the OPA titers of human subjects againstS. pneumoniae serotype 18A as compared to the pre-immunized population.

68. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-67 which isable to significantly increase the OPA titers of human subjects againstS. pneumoniae serotype 18B as compared to the pre-immunized population.

69. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-68 which isable to significantly increase the OPA titers of human subjects againstS. pneumoniae serotype 18F as compared to the pre-immunized population.

70. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-69, for usein a method of immunizing a subject against infection by S. pneumoniaeserotype 18A.

71. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-69, for usein a method of immunizing a subject against infection by S. pneumoniaeserotype 18B.

72. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-69, for usein a method of immunizing a subject against infection by S. pneumoniaeserotype 18F.

73. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-69, for usein a method of immunizing a subject against infection by S. pneumoniaeserotype 18A and 18B.

74. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-69, for usein a method of immunizing a subject against infection by S. pneumoniaeserotype 18A and 18F.

75. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-69, for usein a method of immunizing a subject against infection by S. pneumoniaeserotype 18B and 18F.

76. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-69, for usein a method of immunizing a subject against infection by S. pneumoniaeserotype 18A, 18B and 18F.

77. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-69 for use ina method for preventing, treating or ameliorating an infection, diseaseor condition caused by S. pneumoniae serotypes 18A, 18B and/or 18F in asubject.

78. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-69 for use toprevent serotypes 18A, 18B and/or 18F S. pneumoniae infection in asubject.

79. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-69 for use ina method to protect or treat a human susceptible to S. pneumoniaeserotypes 18A, 18B and/or 18F infection, by means of administering saidimmunogenic compositions via a systemic or mucosal route.

80. A method of preventing, treating or ameliorating an infection,disease or condition associated with S. pneumoniae serotypes 18A, 18Band/or 18F in a subject, comprising administering to the subject animmunologically effective amount of an immunogenic composition of anyone of paragraphs 1-69.

81. A method of preventing an infection by S. pneumoniae serotypes 18A,18B and/or 18F in a subject, comprising administering to the subject animmunologically effective amount of an immunogenic composition of anyone of paragraphs 1-69.

82. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-69, whereinsaid subject is a human being less than 1 year of age.

83. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-69, whereinsaid subject is a human is a human being less than 2 year of age.

84. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-69, whereinsaid subject is a human adult 50 years of age or older.

85. The immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-84 for use ina multiple dose vaccination schedule.

86. A kit comprising an immunogenic composition disclosed herein and aninformation leaflet.

87. A kit comprising an immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs1-69 and an information leaflet.

88. The kit of paragraph 86 or 87 wherein said information leafletmentions the ability of the composition to elicit functional antibodiesagainst S. pneumoniae serotypes 18B, 18F and/or 18A.

89. The kit of paragraph 86 or 87 wherein said information leafletmentions the ability of the composition to elicit functional antibodiesagainst S. pneumoniae serotype 18A.

90. The kit of paragraph 86 or 87 wherein said information leafletmentions the ability of the composition to elicit anti-capsularantibodies against S. pneumoniae serotypes 18B, 18F and/or 18A at aconcentration ≥0.35 μg/mL in a human population.

91. The kit of paragraph 86 or 87 wherein said information leafletmentions the ability of the composition to elicit anti-capsularantibodies against S. pneumoniae serotype 18A at a concentration ≥0.35μg/mL in a human population.

92. The kit of any one of paragraphs 86-91 wherein said informationleaflet mentions the ability of the composition to elicit OPA titersagainst S. pneumoniae serotypes 18B, 18F and/or 18A in a humanpopulation.

93. A process for producing a kit comprising an immunogenic compositionand an information leaflet, said process comprising the step of:

-   producing an immunogenic composition of of any one of paragraphs    1-69 and-   combining in the same kit said immunogenic composition and    information leaflet, wherein said information leaflet mentions the    ability of said composition to elicit functional antibodies    against S. pneumoniae serotypes 18B, 18F and/or 18A.

94. A process for producing a kit comprising an immunogenic compositionand an information leaflet, said process comprising the step of:

-   producing an immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-69    and-   combining in the same kit said immunogenic composition and    information leaflet, wherein said information leaflet mentions the    ability of the composition to elicit anti-capsular antibodies    against S. pneumoniae serotypes 18B, 18F and/or 18A at a    concentration ≥0.35 μg/mL in a human population.

95. A process for producing a kit comprising an immunogenic compositionand an information leaflet, said process comprising the step of:

-   producing an immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-69    and-   combining in the same kit said immunogenic composition and    information leaflet, wherein said information leaflet mentions the    ability of the composition to elicit OPA titers against S.    pneumoniae serotypes 18B, 18F and/or 18A in a human population.

96. A process for producing a kit comprising an immunogenic compositionand an information leaflet, said process comprising the step of:

-   producing an immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-69;-   printing an information leaflet wherein said information leaflet    mentions the ability of said composition to elicit functional    antibodies against S. pneumoniae serotypes 18B, 18F and/or 18A;-   combining in the same kit said immunogenic composition and said    information leaflet.

97. A process for producing a kit comprising an immunogenic compositionand an information leaflet, said process comprising the step of:

-   producing an immunogenic composition of of any one of paragraphs    1-69;-   printing an information leaflet wherein said information leaflet    mentions the ability of the composition to elicit anti-capsular    antibodies against S. pneumoniae serotypes 18B, 18F and/or 18A at a    concentration 0.35 μg/mL in a human population;-   combining in the same kit said immunogenic composition and said    information leaflet.

98. A process for producing a kit comprising an immunogenic compositionand an information leaflet, said process comprising the step of:

-   producing an immunogenic composition of of any one of paragraphs    1-69;-   printing an information leaflet wherein said information leaflet    mentions the ability of the composition to elicit OPA titers    against S. pneumoniae serotypes 18B, 18F and/or 18A in a human    population;-   combining in the same kit said immunogenic composition and said    information leaflet.

99. A method comprising the step of:

-   injecting to a subject an immunologically effective amount of the    immunogenic composition defined at any one of paragraphs 1-69;-   collecting a serum sample from said subject;-   testing said serum sample for opsonophagocytic killing activity    against S. pneumoniae serotype 18A, 18B and/or 18F by in vitro    opsonophagocytic killing assay (OPA).

100. A method of inducing an immune response to S. pneumoniae serotypes18A, 18B and/or 18F in a subject, comprising administering to thesubject an immunologically effective amount of an immunogeniccomposition of any one of paragraphs 1-69.

101. Use of an immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-69 forthe manufacture of a medicament for immunizing a subject againstinfection by S. pneumoniae serotype 18A, 18B and/or 18F.

102. Use of an immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-69 forthe manufacture of a medicament for preventing, treating or amelioratingan infection, disease or condition caused by S. pneumoniae serotypes18A, 18B and/or 18F in a subject.

103. Use of an immunogenic composition of any one of paragraphs 1-69 forthe manufacture of a medicament for preventing infection by serotypes18A, 18B and/or 18F S. pneumoniae in a subject.

As used herein, the term “about” means within a statistically meaningfulrange of a value, such as a stated concentration range, time frame,molecular weight, temperature or pH. Such a range can be within an orderof magnitude, typically within 20%, more typically within 10%, and evenmore typically within 5% or within 1% of a given value or range.Sometimes, such a range can be within the experimental error typical ofstandard methods used for the measurement and/or determination of agiven value or range. The allowable variation encompassed by the term“about” will depend upon the particular system under study, and can bereadily appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art. Whenever arange is recited within this application, every whole number integerwithin the range is also contemplated as an embodiment of thedisclosure.

The terms “comprising”, “comprise” and “comprises” herein are intendedby the inventors to be optionally substitutable with the terms“consisting of’, “consist of’ and “consists of’, respectively, in everyinstance.

All references or patent applications cited within this patentspecification are incorporated by reference herein.

The invention is illustrated in the accompanying examples. The examplesbelow are carried out using standard techniques, which are well knownand routine to those of skill in the art, except where otherwisedescribed in detail. The examples are illustrative, but do not limit theinvention.

EXAMPLE Example 1. Evaluation of Cross-Reactive Opsonophagocytic ImmuneResponses within Seroqroup 18 of Streptococcus pneumoniae

Host protection against S. pneumoniae is mediated primarily throughanticapsular antibodydependent opsonophagocytosis. The pneumococcalopsonophagocytic assay (OPA), which measures killing of S. pneumoniaecells by phagocytic effector cells in the presence of functionalantibody and complement, is considered to be an important surrogate forevaluating the effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccines.

Materials and Methods Sera

Two randomly selected subsets of immune sera from adults vaccinated witha 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (13vPnC) were tested in OPAassays for the serotypes 18F, 18A, 18B and 18C. The sera were collectedfrom U.S. clinical trials 6115A1-004 (N=59, post-vaccinated) and6115A1-3005 (N=66, matched pre-and post-vaccination), respectively.

Study 6115A1-3005 (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00546572) was aphase 3, randomized, active-controlled, modified double-blind trialevaluating the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of PREVNAR 13®compared with a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (23vPS) inambulatory elderly individuals aged 70 years and older who received 1dose of 23vPS at least 5 years before study enrollment (seehttp://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00546572, accessed on Oct. 4,2016).

Study 6115A1-004 (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00427895) was aphase 3, randomized, active-controlled, modified double-blind trialevaluating the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a 13-valentpneumococcal conjugate vaccine (13vPnC) compared to a 23-valentpneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (23vPS) in adults 60 to 64 years oldwho are naive to 23vPS and the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicityof 13vPnC in adults 18 to 59 years old ho are naïve to 23vPS (see:http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00427895, accessed on Oct. 4, 2016).

The 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (13vPnC) tested in thesestudies contained conjugates from pneumococcal serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A,6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, and 23F, individually conjugated todiphtheria cross-reacting material 197 (CRM₁₉₇) carrier protein(Prevenar 13 ®).

Microcolony Opsonophagocytic Assay (mcOPA) Procedure

Opsonophagocytic assays (OPAs) are used to measure functional antibodiesin human sera against S. pneumoniae serotypes 18F, 18A, 18B and/or 18C.Test serum is set up in assay reactions that measure the ability ofcapsular polysaccharide specific immunoglobulin to opsonize bacteria,trigger complement deposition, thereby facilitating phagocytosis andkilling of bacteria by phagocytes. The OPA titer is defined as thereciprocal dilution that results in a 50% reduction in bacterial countover control wells without test serum. The OPA titer is interpolatedfrom the two dilutions that encompass this 50% killing cut-off.

OPA procedures were based on methods described in Hu et al., (2005) ClinDiagn Lab Immunol 12:287-295.

Microcolony Opsonophagocytic Assay quantitatively assesses functionalanti-S. pneumoniae antibodies by measuring bacterial survival inmicrocolony OPA (mcOPA) reactions containing the test serum. Serialdilutions (2.5-fold) of heat-inactivated serum were added to the targetbacteria in assay plates and incubated for 30 minutes with shaking. Babyrabbit complement (3-4 week old, 12.5% final concentration) anddifferentiated HL-60 cells, were then added to each well at anapproximate effector to target ratio of 200:1 and incubated at 37° C.with shaking. To terminate the reaction, 80 μL of 0.9% NaCl was added toall wells, the reaction solution was mixed, and a 10-μL aliquot weretransferred to the wells of Millipore, MultiScreenHTS HV filter platescontaining 200 μL of water. Liquid was filtered through the plates undervacuum, and 150 μL of HySoy medium was added to each well and filteredthrough.

Following filtration, the filter plates were incubated overnight in a 5%CO2 incubator at 37° C. and were then fixed with Destain Solution(Bio-Rad). The plates were then stained with Coomassie Blue anddestained once. Colonies were imaged and enumerated on a CellularTechnology Limited (CTL) ImmunoSpot Analyzer®. The OPA antibody titerwas determined as the reciprocal of the lowest serum dilution resultingin 50% reduction in the number of bacterial colonies when compared tothe bacteria-effector cell-complement control wells that did not containserum.

Results—OPA Responses in 18F, 18A, 18B and 18C

The cross-functional response of immune sera from adults immunized with13vPnC against serotypes 18F, 18A and 18B, was evaluated in therespective microcolony Opsonophagocytic Assays (mcOPAs), along with thehomologous functional response to serotype 18C. Two randomly selectedsubsets of immune sera from adults vaccinated with 13vPnC were tested.The sera were collected from U.S. clinical trials 6115A1-004 (N=59,post-vaccinated) and 6115A1-3005 (N=66, matched pre-andpost-vaccination), respectively (see above).

Subjects in study 6115A1-004 were previously naïve to any pneumococcalvaccination and received a single dose of 13vPnC as part of the studyprotocol. As shown in FIG. 1, the immune sera from study 6115A1-004(59/59) all show positive titers not only to serotype 18C, which is theantigen in the vaccine, but also to serotypes 18F, 18A and 18B,suggesting cross-protection as measured by OPA. 100% of responders werefound for all the serogroups (18C, 18F, 18A and 18B) (FIG. 1),supporting the results from 6115A1-3005 (FIG. 2).

Subjects in study 6115A1-3005 had previously received 1 dose of 23vPS atleast 5 years before study enrollment and received a single dose of13vPnC as part of the study protocol. Matched pre- and post-vaccinationserum panel (N=66) from adults immunized with 13vPnC (study 6115A1-3005)was evaluated on OPA for the homologous response to serotype 18C and forcross-reactivity of anti-18C antibodies to serotypes 18F, 18A and 18B.As shown in FIG. 2, a relatively high immunity (percentage responders)to 18C (77%), 18A (73%), 18B (74%) and 18F (77%) was detected in the OPAassay likely due to their previous immunization with 23vPS, whichincludes unconjugated polysaccharide from serotype 18C. However, thepercentage responders increased to 92% or more for all four serotypesafter vaccination with 13vPnC, which only contains serotype 18Cconjugate from serogroup 18. The fold-rise in titer values are shown inTable 1 and are similar between the serotypes also suggestingcross-reactivity.

TABLE 1 OPA Titer Fold-Rise Matched Pre- and Post-Vaccination, 13vPnCOPA Titers 18C 18A 18B 18F Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post GMT 134797 35 295 41 658 108 646 Fold-rise 5.9 8.4 16.0 6.0

A more comprehensive analysis of the OPA titer distribution is shown inthe reverse cumulative distribution curves (RCDC) in FIGS. 3-6. TheRCDCs show an increase in serotype-specific immune response postvaccination for serotypes 18C, 18F, 18A and 18B.

Conclusion

Cross-serotype functional killing of serogroup 18 strains (18F, 18A,18B, and 18C) was observed in mcOPAs. Based on these data, the 13vPnCvaccine is likely to provide broader serotype coverage than previouslyanticipated by providing additional protection against serotypes 18F,18A, and 18B in addition to the expected protection against 18C.

All publications and patent applications mentioned in the specificationare indicative of the level of those skilled in the art to which thisinvention pertains. All publications and patent applications are herebyincorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individualpublication or patent application was specifically and individuallyindicated to be incorporated by reference.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail byway of illustration and example for purposes of clarity ofunderstanding, certain changes and modifications may be practiced withinthe scope of the appended claims.

1.-26. (canceled)
 27. A method for preventing, treating, or ameliorating an infection, disease or condition caused by S. pneumoniae serotype 18A, 18B and/or 18F in a subject, said method comprising administering an immunogenic composition comprising: (a) at least one glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 18C capsular polysaccharide; and (b) glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 19A, 19F and 23F capsular polysaccharides; wherein said composition does not comprise capsular saccharide from S. pneumoniae serotypes 18A, 18B and 18F.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein said immunogenic composition further comprises glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotypes 22F and 33F.
 29. The method of claim 27, wherein said immunogenic composition further comprises glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotypes 15B, 22F and 33F.
 30. The method of claim 27, wherein said immunogenic composition further comprises glycoconjugates from S. pneumoniae serotypes 12F, 10A, 11A and
 8. 31. The method of claim 27, wherein said immunogenic composition comprises a 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25-valent pneumococcal conjugate composition.
 32. The method of claim 27, wherein said glycoconjugates are individually conjugated to CRM197.
 33. The method of claim 27, wherein said glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 18C is prepared by reductive amination.
 34. The method of claim 27, wherein said glycoconjugate from S. pneumoniae serotype 18C comprises a saccharide which has a degree of O-acetylation 10%.
 35. The method of claim 27, wherein said immunogenic composition further comprises at least one adjuvant.
 36. The method of claim 27, wherein said immunogenic composition is able to elicit IgG antibodies in human which are capable of binding S. pneumoniae serotypes 18A, 18B and/or 18F polysaccharide at a concentration of at least 0.35 μg/ml as determined by ELISA assay.
 37. The method of claim 27, wherein said immunogenic composition is able to elicit functional antibodies in human which are capable of killing S. pneumoniae serotype 18A, 18B and/or 18F as determined by in vitro opsonophagocytic assay (OPA).
 38. The method of claim 27, wherein said immunogenic composition is able to elicit a titer of at least 1:8 against S. pneumoniae serotype 18A, 18B and/or 18F in at least 50% of the subjects as determined by in vitro opsonophagocytic killing assay (OPA).
 39. The method of claim 27, wherein said immunogenic composition is able to significantly increase the proportion of responders against S. pneumoniae serotype 18A, 18B and/or 18F as compared to the pre-immunized population.
 40. The method of claim 27, wherein said immunogenic composition is able to significantly increase the OPA titers of human subjects against S. pneumoniae serotype 18A, 18B and/or 18F as compared to the pre-immunized population. 